高考英语语法辅导课件-定语从句.ppt

定语从句,The Attributive Clauses,定义(Definition)： 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语 从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 结构：,先行词关系词从句,定语从句分为定语从句和 定语从句,限制性,非限制性,(1).限制性定语从句: 对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不用逗号隔开,也不能省略,否则句意就不完整. The accident happened at the time when I left.,2). 非限制性定语从句: 只是对先行词做补充说明, 没有限定作用,与先行词的关系也比较松散,如果省略,原句意义仍然完整,常用逗号与主句隔开. His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago. 注：下列场合下只用非限制性定语从句： 1）在一定范围或前提下，所谈对象是唯一的； The 29th Olympic Games, which was held in Beijing, was certainly a great success. 2）谈话双方皆知道的所指对象 Mao is at the library, where we often borrow books.,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：,God helps those(先行词) who help themselves（定语从句）. b. I like the girl（先行词） who speaks English very well. c. You must do everything(先行词)that I do .（定语从句） d. He has an elder brother先行词）, who is now serving in the army （定语从句） . e. The building (先行词is still in good condition, where we once lived （定语从句）.,关系词的作用： A. 引导定语从句； B. 代替 C.在从句里,先行词,担任成分,Join the following sentences: The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday. we saw yesterday is Mary.,The girl,that/who/whom,Correct the mistakes,1.Under the big tree are 34 students, many of them come from class two. 2. My mother has a good book, which cover looks terrible. 3. This is the very pen that you gave it to me before. 4. There is an old woman, that is holding a stick.,whom,whose,it,who,关系词的选择原则 关系词的选择根据关系词在从句中所作的成份决定。 若关系词在从句中作主语,宾语,定语或表语，选用关系代词（who ,whom, that, which, whose）； 若关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词（where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语）。,关系代词 who, whom, that的使用, 先行词指人时： 1） 在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that， 不可省略； 2）在定语从句中作宾语时， 用 whom / that，在限制性定语从句中可以省略； 3) 在定语从句中作表语时，用 that，不可省略,关系代词which, that的使用, 先行词指物时： 1） 在定语从句中作主语时，用which/that， 不可省略； 2）在定语从句中作宾语时， 用 which / that,在限制性定语从句中可以省略； 3)在定语从句中作表语时，用 that，不可省略,whose 引导的定语从句,表示所属关系,The river _ banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.,whose,Whose 的使用,在定语从句中作定语时，用 whose，不可省略,whose（所属关系，指人或物，作定语） =或,This is the book whose cover / (the cover of which/of which the cover) is broken.,There are in this class 20 students, _ are different. A.whose backgrounds B. the backgrounds of whom C.of whom the backgrounds D.the backgrounds of whose,the+名词+ of which/whom,of which/whom+the+名词,She is the girl who/ that lives next door. Thats the girl (whom / who / that) I teach. This is the scientist whose achievements are well-known. This is the house whose window broke last night. = This is the house, the window of which broke last night. = This is the house, of which the window broke last night.,练习： 用关系代词who,whom,that或whose填空。 28. Luxun, _ real name was Zhou Shuren, wrote many political novels and essays. 29. The man _ you met just now is my old friend. 30. The man _ is walking on the playground is my old friend. 31. A child _ parents are dead is called an orphan.,whose,who / whom/that,who/ that,whose,when, where, why 与that, which 的区分,）Ill never forget the day _ we first met in the park. ）Ill never forget the time _ I spent with you. ）Ill never forget the time _ was spent with you. ）This is the museum _I visited last year .,when,whichthat,whichthat,whichthat,先行词指时间，地点或原因时，定语从句中缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。,This is the reason _ ( = for which ) I didnt come here. The reason _ she gave was not true.,why,which/that,1).关系词所做的成分关键是由从句中的动词来决定 This is the place where we work. (vi) This is the place which we visited. (vt) 2).当先行词为时间名词（如time, day, year, week, month, occasion） 用关系副词when,但关系副词只能做状语，如果从句中缺主语或宾语则要视具体情况用that或which。当先行词为地点名词（如：place ,room, city, country, situation, case, scene）时，用关系副词where, 但此时只能做地点状语，如果定语从句缺主语或宾语则要视具体情况用that或which。,Conclusion:,当先行词为way、time时，可用that作关系副词。（非正式场合） I dont like the way that / in which / he talks. 当time作先行词时，在特定的句式中，可用that作关系副词,关系词可以省掉。 This is the first time (that) I have given you a lesson in French.,练习：用that, when, why, where, which 填空。 I want to know the date _ you were born. 2. I have remembered the date _ I forgot just now. 3. Do you know the reason _ he is absent today? 4. That is the reason _I want to know. 5. This is the factory _ his father works. 6. This is the factory _ his father built.,when,that / which,why,that / which,where,that / which,7.-Do you have anything to say for yourselves? -Yes, this is the only one point _we must insist on. A. which B. that C. where D. when 答案:B 8 .Some pre-school children go to a day care center,_ they learn simple games and songs. A. then B. there C. while D. where 答案:D 9 .Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing. A. when B. whose C. which D. where 答案:D,10 Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger. A. in which B. by which C. which D. that 答案:A 11 The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which 答案:C,12.（05天津卷）Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from _ effects the people are still suffering. A. that B. whose C. those D. what 答案：B 13. (06福建卷)Look out! Dont get too close to the house _roof is under repair. A. whose B. which C. of which D. that 答案：A Whose引导的定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。,各种关系词的区别： 1、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时,下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which （1） 先行词是all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, the one等不定代词时 There is nothing ( that ) I can do. I mean the one that was brought yesterday. (2) 先行词被all, any, every, no, some, little, much等词修饰时 I have read all the books (that) you gave me. You may take home any of these books that you like.,(3) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 This is the first composition (that) he has written in English. This is the best novel (that) I have ever read. （4）先行词中既有人又有物时。 He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus. （5）当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时。 The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago. He is no longer the man that he used to be.,（6）在疑问词 who, what, which 开头的句子中。（避免歧义） Who is the girl that is talking with Mr.Brown？ Which are the books that you bought for me ? (7) 当主句以There be 结构开头时 There is a seat in the corner that is still free. (8) 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词若用了which，另个一个宜用 that They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.,2只能用which的情况 1). 引导非限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子。 Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking. Tom came back late, which made his parents very angry. 2).在介词后面:介词+which (先行词是物) The world in which we live is made of matter. 注意： 在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如 look after, be made of, take part in, look forward to等。 例：This is the pen (which / that) Im looking for. 不可以说：This is the pen for which Im looking for .,3）当主句中的主语被that修饰时 That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary. 4）当关系词后面带有插入语时 Ive bought you some books which, I think, may interest you. 练习：用关系代词which 或that填空。 12 Is there anything _ you dont understand about the problem?,(that),13. The worst matter _ Im afraid of happened in the end. 14. All the presents _ your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away. 15. This is the very book _ I have been looking for. 16. He was late for the opening ceremony, _ was very surprising to me.,(that),(that),(that),which,17.Nothing _ can be done has been done. 18.Do you have anything _ you dont understand ?,先行词是everything, nothing, anything, something, much, little, none等不定代词，引导定语从句用that,that,that,19.This is the best TV _ is made in China. 20.The first museum _ he visited in China was the History Museum.,that,that,先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，引导定语从句用that 。,21. Ive read all the books _ you lent me.,that,先行词被any, some, no, much, few, little, every, all, very, only, last 修饰时,引导定语从句用that 。,22.The famous writer and his works _ the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students. 23.A victim is a person, animal or thing _ suffers pain, death, harm, etc.,先行词中既有人又有事物时， 引导定语从句用that .,that,that,24.Who _ you have ever seen can do it better ?,Who做先行词时，引导定语从句用that,that,25.Her bag ,in _ she put all her money, has been stolen. 26.This is the ring on _ she spent 1000 dollars. 27.Xiao Wang ,with _ I went to the concert, enjoy it very much.,which,which,whom,在介词后面，指事物用which，指人用whom,指人时只能用who不用that 的情况. 1)先行词为one, ones或anyone.(避免歧义) Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2)先行词为those.(避免歧义) God helps those who help themselves.(天助自主者) 3)主句是there be . Eg: There is a man who called himself Mr. Wu at the gate. 4）当定语从句中又有定语从句，且先行词都为人时 The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard. 5)在非限制性定语从句中指人 I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come back from American. 6）定语从句中有插入语时 Jackson is a man who I believe is honest.,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which（指物）或whom（指人），即：介词 +which / whom,1、介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词宾语只用which或whom，关系代词不能省略。 He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.,2. 当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that /which（指物）， that /whom/who（指人）作介词的宾语， 而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。 This is the hero (that / who / whom) we are proud of. This is the pen (which that) I wrote the letter with.,3. “复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 但含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开，如 look after, be made of, take part in, look forward to等。 例：The babies (who/whom) the nurses look after look strong and happy. 4. 介词+ which/ whom + 不定式结构 The poor man has no house in which to live.= The poor man has no house to live in. = The poor man has no house in which he can live.,不定代词、数词等+which/whom引导的定语从句。 The old man has three children , one of whom is a soldier . There are two windows in this room , both of which are broken . 比较下列句子： We are offered over two thousand books, many of which are science books. 复合句 We are offered over two thousand books, and many of them are science books.并列句 We are offered over two thousand books, many of them being science books.简单句,1）、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配,This is the book_ which you asked,注意：动词短语不能拆开 即介词不能提前,for,The old man whom I am looking after is better .,如何判断介词,2）、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配,He referred me to some reference books _ which I am not very familiar.,with,如何判断介词,3）、根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词 搭配,This is our classroom , _ which there is a teachers desk.,in the front of,如何判断介词,4.先行词与介词的习惯搭配 当先行词表示“领域、方面”时，如：aspect, respect, area, field 等，用in which； 当先行词表示“价格、利率、速度”时，如rate, price, speed等,用at which 当先行词表示“程度”时，如degree, extent等，用to which. 当先行词表示“根据、依据、基础”时，如grounds, foundation, basis等，用on which.,填上适当的介词+关系代词 1.He is the man _ I think you can depend. 2.He referred me to some reference books _ which I am not very familiar. 3.He made a hole in the wall, _ he could see what was going on outside the house. 4. The librarian _ I just shook hands works heart and soul. 5. The comments on their product, _ this is one example, are very sharp.,on whom,with which,through which,with whom,of which,This is such an interesting book _ we all like. This is so interesting a book _ we all like.,as,as,这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。,定语从句,as 的使用,This is the same book as I lost. This is the same book that I lost.,这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。,这本书就是我丢的那本。,as与that 的使用,相关考点： so/suchthat (状语从句) She is so beautiful a girl that I love her so much.(状语从句) She is so beautiful a girl as I love so much .（定语从句）,This is such an interesting book _we all like. This is so interesting a book _we all like it.,as,that,这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。,定语从句,as与that 的使用,结果状语从句,as与which的区别： 1) 限制性定语从句中,名词前有such, so, as和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,表达“正如，像”,不能用which; as 可以指人或物,作从句的主语、宾语、表语或介词的宾语。 He is not such a fool as he looks. Dont read such books as you cant understand. This is not such a book as I expected. I live in the same building as he (lives in). Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. As many children as came here were my fathers pupils.,2)非限制性定语从句中,as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，像”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，常与行为动词连用，并无“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected. They were late again , which made the teacher angry . As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.,1. It is very useful to master a foreign language, _ has been said before.,as,2 _ everyone hoped, Mary has won the first prize.,As,as 的使用,as 的用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如： 1as has been said before 如上所述 2as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样 3as is well known 众所周知 4as was expected 正如预料的那样 5as has been already pointed out 正如已经指出的那样 6as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的那样 7. as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的 8. as often happens 正如经常发生的那样,定语从句中的主谓一致 定语从句中的谓语动词的人称和数与先行词保持一致。 例如： 1. Here are such sentences as are often used by the students. ( as指代sentences,谓语动词用are)。 2. I, who am a Party member, should work hard for our country.( who指代I, 谓语用am.)。 3. He was one of the students who were praised for it. ( who指代the students) 他是被表扬的学生之一。 4. He was the only one of the students who was praised for it. ( who 指the only one) 他是唯一被表扬的学生。,定语从句中的动词的数,He is the only one in his class who _ (have) got the teachers praise He is one of the students in his class who _ (have) got the teachers praise,has,have,关系词在定语从句中做主语时，谓语动词的数取决于先行词,易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句 1.定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“的”。 而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句 同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词， 如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中 作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位 语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较： We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that 在从句 中不作任何成分) We dont believe the news that/which he told us yesterday. (定语从句，that 作told 的宾语),2. 定语从句与状语从句。 试比较： He left the key where he had been an hour before. (where引导地点状语从句，相当于in the place where) He left the place where he lived for many years. (where 引导定语从句，修饰the place) He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect. (as 引导定语从句) He is such a good teacher that we all like him. (that引导结果状语从句,suchthat “如此以致”),3定语从句与主语从句。 试比较： As is known to us all, paper was first made in China. (as 引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首) It is known to us all that paper was first made in China. (it 做形式主语，代替that 引导的主语从句) 4定语从句与强调结构。试比较： It is the house where I met the young man. (where 引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语 从句中作地点状语) It was in the house that I met the young man. (本句为强调结构，可还原为 I met the young man in the house.),六.定语从句可缩略为短语： 1、 缩略为分词短语 有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的 关系代词（who, which,例如： I know the men(who are )sitting in that car. 2) The boys helped the people (that were )hurt in the accident. 3) The problem (which is) bothering everybody is the lack of money. 4) The book (that has been) given to him is an English novel. 有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词 为这类定语从句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略 时要考虑现在分词的时态和词态特征。 例如：,5) The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking The man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking . 6) Bill, who had taken chemistry in high school , offered to help him . Bill, having taken chemistry in high school , offered to help him. 7) Now, however, the furniture which is being carried down to the truck feels very heavy. Now, however, the furniture being carried down to the truck feels very heavy.,2、缩略为形容词短语 若定词从句为主体表结构，且表语由形容短词充当， 可直接略去作主词的关系代词和连系动词，从而使 定词从句缩略为形容词短语作后置定语。 例如： The men (who were ) responsible for the administration of the school refused to consider the matter . 2).We said goodbye to Mrs. Long, (who was) still busy at her chores. 3).The puppy, (which was) too excited to be calmed , barked furiously.,3缩略为名词短语 由名词短语作表语的非限制性定语从句略去作 主语的关系代词和连系动词便成为名词短语作同位语。 例如： 1）The company commander, (who was) Captain Madison, assembled his men and announced their mission. 连长,墨迪逊上尉,把战士们集合起来宣布他们的 战斗任务。 2）You should have a talk with Mr. Worth , (who is )the adviser to students. 你应该和沃斯先生-学生顾问谈一谈。 3) We finally reached Rio, (which was) the end or our journey.,4缩略为介词短语 若定语从句为主系表句型，且表语为介语短语，可略去 主语关系代词和连系动词，使之缩略为介词短语作 后置定语。 此外，若定语从句中含“有”动词（has, have, had）， 用介词with / without 取替定语从句中主语关系代词 和“有”动词，使定语从句缩略为介词 with / without 短语作后置定语。With 适用于肯定的定语从句； without 适用于否定的定语从句。,例如： 1).The company wants men who have experience. The company wants men with experience. 2） My father went up to the woman who had a book under her arm. My father went up to the women with a book under her arm. 3）The teacher was looking for a rule that did not have an exception . The teacher was looking for a rule without an exception.,5、缩略为动词不定式短词 某些含情态动词或助动词的定语从句可缩略为动词 不定式短语作后置定语。 例如： 1）You need someone who can look after you. 2) The way you should start the machine is to press the button . 3) There are still many obstacles that must be overcome. 4) The question which will be discussed tomorrow is whether income tax should be increased. 5) There are plenty of toys with which the children can play .,能力提高,1. It is the young man _ looked for _ caught the murderer. A. that who B. that they C . they that D theywhich,2. Is this factory _ we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D at which,3. The book