《英语基础语法》PPT课件.ppt

英语基础语法,Alicia 2010,概论,英语语法一般说来包括词法和句法两部分。 词法(morphology)词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法。 英语词类的形式变化有：名词和代词的数、格和性的形式变化；动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化；以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。 句法(syntax)句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律。 学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。,词类(parts of speech),英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示“多少“和“第几“的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。 5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。 6)副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。,词类,7)冠词(article，缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。 8)介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系，如from(从)，in(在内)，between(在之间)。 9)连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)。 10)感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示感情，如。oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)。,词类总结,注一属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，叫做实词(notional word)。 属于后四类（冠、介、连、感等词）的词没有实义，叫做虚词(form word)。 注二不少词可以属于几个词类，如work(工作；动词和名词)，fast(快；形容词和副词)，since(自从；连词和介词)等。,句法句子成分,英语的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲，主要有下列六种句子成分： 1)主语(subject)表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”，是谓语的描述对象；通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任。 如： The sun rises from the east. He is our monitor. To refuse him is not easy this time. It is easier to learn a foreign language than to speak it. Speaking is much easier than doing. What I expect is your patience and hard work.,谓语动词 （predicate verb）,谓语动词(predicate verb)说明主语的动作或状态；由动词或动词短语担任。 We study English. We cant laugh at her. 在英语句子中，主语和谓语的顺序可以看出句子的类型。陈述句中主语在前谓语在后，而疑问句中则反之，如果是对主语进行提问，疑问代词做主语，此时仍为主语在前谓语在后，为特殊情况。 He gave me a bunch of flowers. What did he gave you? Did he gave you a bunch of flowers?,宾语(object),宾语(object)表示及物动词(短语)的作用对象或用于介词后构成介宾短语；通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任。 He has remembered 10000 English words. I waited for her in the classroom.,挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. A B C D People all over the world speak English. A B C D You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. A B C D How many new words did you learn last class? A B C D, The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. A B C D They made him monitor of the class. A B C D Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. A B C D You will find it useful after you leave school. A B C D They didnt know who “Father Christmas“ really is. A B C D,宾语,当谓语动词后跟两个宾语时，宾语可分为直接宾语(direct object)和间接宾语(indirect object)两部分。 直接宾语表示动作直接承受对象，而间接宾语表示动作是为谁而做出，对谁做的。 He gave me IO a book DO.,划出句中的直接宾语（DO）和间接宾语(IO) Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?,补语(complement),补语(complement)用来补充说明主语或宾语；通常由形容词、现代分词、名词、代词、数词等担任。对主语进行补充说明的称为主语补足语(subject complement),对宾语进行补充说明的称作宾语补足语(object complement)。 主语补足语一般位于谓语动词后，宾语补足语位于其所补充说明的宾语后。 He is a diligent student SC. The boy was caught stealing SC. We elect him monitor OC. I saw him playing basketball OC yesterday.,挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books A B C in the reading-room. D He asked her to take the boy out of school. A B C D She found it difficult to do the work. A B C D They call me Lily sometimes. A B C D I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. A B C D Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? A B C D,状语(adverbial),状语(adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子；通常由副词、名词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或从句等担任 修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前；修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前，有的放在动词之后。如动词有宾语，状语一般须放在宾语之后。如： The Summer Palace is very beautiful. I know him well. We take exercise every day.,(挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. A B C D Every night he heard the noise upstairs. A B C D He began to learn English when he was eleven. A B C D The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast. A B C D With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. A B C D She loves the library because she loves books. A B C D I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. A B C D The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. A B C D,定语(attribute),定语(attribute) 用于修饰或限定名词或代词；通常由形容词、代词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等担任。 定语的位置 单词作定语，一般放在被修饰语的前面，短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰语的后面。如： The school library has many books on agriculture.校图书馆有许多关于农业的书。,挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. A B C D What is your given name? A B C D On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. A B C D I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. A B C D The man downstairs was trying to sleep. A B C D I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! A B C D,句子成分分析,对英语句子做成分分析有利于我们把我英语句子的规律，在分析输入的基础上输出合格的英语句子。 分析时，应从大局把握，首先找出句子主干，再分析各分支内的成分。 Dentists S always A ask V questions O when it S is V impossible SC for you A to answer AA. Exercises: Lesson 48,句子的种类,句子种类有两种划分标准：按照句子的用途可分为陈述句(declarative sentence)、疑问句(interrogative sentence)、祈使句(imperative sentence)和感叹句(exclamatory sentence) ；按句子的结构复杂性可分为简单句(simple sentence)、并列句(compound sentence)、复合句(complex sentence)和并列复合句（compound complex sentence）。,句子用途,a)陈述句(declarative sentence)用来叙述一件事，如： I saw him yesterday.昨天我看见他了。 b)疑问句(interrogative sentence)用来提出疑问，如： Did you see him yesterday?你昨天见到他了吗? c)祈使句(imperative sentence)表示请求、命令等，如： Please come in.请进来。 d)感叹句(exclamatory sentence)表示喜怒等各种情感，如： What a beautiful voice she has!她嗓子多好啊!,句子结构,简单句(simple sentence) 只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 She is never late for school. He and his son are both teachers. They walked and talked along the river.,并列句（compound sentence）,并列句包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构。并列句中的分句经常由并列连词联接(for, and, yet, but, or, so, etc.),有时也不用连词，而用一个分号分开。 He made a promise, but he didnt keep it. The earth has only one satellite and we call it the moon. The future is bright; the road is tortuous.,复合句（complex sentence）,复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。 The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. Its a long time since I saw you last.好久没有看见你了。,并列复合句(compound complex sentence),如果并列句中的一个或多个分句中，包含有一个或多个从句，就是并列复合句。 I said that I had no time, but he insisted that I should go with him.,一、 用所给词的适当形式填空. 1、 She _(like) eating