unit8cloning全新版大学英语第三册第八单元课件.ppt

Unit 8 Cloning,Cultural Notes,Clone A group of organisms or cells that are genetically identical, having been produced from one parent by asexual reproduction. Artificial cloning of animals and cells can be achieved by teasing apart the cells of the early embryo. In genetic engineering cloning refers to the copying of DNA molecules.,The deliberate modification of the genetic make-up (genome) of an organism by manipulation of its DNA. Since the late 1960s these techniques have held out the most exciting promise for biotechnology.,Part Division,Part One: Dolly the sheep, a clone, was born. Part Two: Dollys birth has made cloning a reality and human cloning a possibility. Part Three: People have to face the ethical problems of human cloning. Part Four: Cloning technology could benefit people in more than one way.,Language,Study,1. clone: any of a group of plants or animals produced from the cells of a single ancestor and therefore exactly the same as it is. e.g. Researchers produced clones from adult mice in 1998. Although two clones are identical genetically, they may develop in different ways. e.g. Researchers in Japan have cloned eight calves from the cells of a single adult cow. The idea of cloning extinct life forms still belongs to science fiction. Experiments to try to clone human embryos have met with hostility from some sections of the public.,2. give birth to: 1) bear (a bird), bring forth e.g. Although a mother panda often gives birth to two cubs, she usually abandons one of them without attempting to care for it. The research has shown that mothers who smoke give birth more frequently to premature or underweight babies. create, originate e.g. The extraordinary experience gave birth to his latest novel. Einstein gave birth to a whole new way of looking at matter and energy. 3. for all the world: in every respect; exactly e.g. I felt for all the world as if I was still a child. He looked for all the world like a country doctor.,4. dot: spread things or people in various separate places over an area e.g. From the top floor we could see the trees dotting the landscape. The sky was dotted with stars. n. a small round mark e.g. He forgot the dot on the letter i and so it looked like and 1. The stars just look like thousands of tiny dots of light. 5. union: a uniting or being united; combination; an organization of workers form a particular profession, an association or club. e.g. Marriage is a socially recognized and approved union between individuals. Labor unions bargained with employers to determine issues such as wages, conditions of work, and worker security.,6. fuse: ( cause to ) join together ( followed by with) e.g. Nearly 50 percent of the cumulus cells that successfully fused with an egg developed into an advanced embryo. Genes determine how we develop from the moment the sperm fuses with the egg. 7. gene: a unit in a chromosome which controls inherited characteristics e.g. Genetics is the study of the function and behavior of genes. The human Genome Project has to far identified nearly all of the estimated 31,000 genes in the nucleus of a human cell. The DNA is divided into units called genes, just like a long train is divided into separate cars.,8. take up: go and live; move into ( a certain position) e.g. The hunter took up his quarters in a hut. As the crowd grew, riot police took up their positions. UN peacekeeping forces are expected to take up positions along the Afghanistan border. 9. residence: the fact of living in a particular place e.g. He took up his permanent residence in China. Campus residence halls provide common settings for students to form new bonds with peers who share similar experiences. More immigrants were admitted to the United States for permanent residence in recent years.,10. identical: exactly alike or equal; the very same ( followed by to) e.g. The journalist David Rorvik wrote a true story of a billionaires quest to produce a son identical to himself. Although Euro bills are identical in all countries, each country can issue its own coins. 11. twin: persons who have the same mother and were born on the same day e.g. The two boys looked like twins. He has a twin brother and a younger brother. Unlike my friend, I think there are many positive aspects to being a twin. 12. beforehand: in advance; earlier e.g. Catherine got married without telling anyone beforehand. Mum had done most of the cooking beforehand, so we werent tied to the kitchen.,13. oppose: express strong disapproval with the aim of preventing or changing a course of action: resist e.g. My father opposed my wish to become a musician. The local residents strongly opposed the chemical companies dumping their waste in the sea. be opposed to : be against e.g. We are utterly opposed to any form of terrorism. They are strongly opposed to the presence of American troops in this region. 14. theoretical: concerned with the theory of a subject; based on theory e.g. Information theory is primarily a theoretical study. With his brilliant theoretical work, Albert Einstein revolutionized 20th century physics. Aristole defined the basic concepts and principles of many of the theoretical sciences, such as logic, biology and physics.,15. in principle: as far as basic principles are concerned e.g. In principle, clones may even be essentially immortal, dying only from disease or the deterioration of the environment. In principle, Quantum theory could be used to predict the behavior of any physical, chemical, or biological system. 16. offensive: causing sb. To feel upset, insulted or annoyed e.g. Minority groups are protected from hateful and offensive speech and actions on campus. The document did not appear to contain any offensive statements. 17. compromise: a settlement in which each side gives up some demands e.g. In order to reduce carbon monoxide emissions from motor vehicles but at the same tieme develop the industry, a compromise was reached. The two countries continued to have difficulties reaching a compromise on a solution to the problem of acid rain. v. (used in the patterns: compromise with sb. Over sth., compromise on sth.),18. potential: the possibility of sth. Happening or being developed e.g. The potential for abuse of genetic engineering has presented society with many ethical and legal controversies. The best single indicator of a states great-power potential may be its total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Volcanoes have the potential to create some of the planets most formidable natural disasters. a. that can, but has not yet, come into being; possible e.g. In large cities with a million or more potential customers, there are much larger clothing stores with many more choices of items and styles. In the article Wilmut discussed potential medical uses for cloning, and ethical issues surrounding cloning technology. Scientists can only speculate on the potential impact of the depletion of the ozone layer.,19. tolerate: allow (sth.) that one does not like to happen or continue: put up with e.g. College president sent letters to every student saying that drugs on campus would not be tolerated. Teachers will not tolerate cheating on exams, just as parents will not let their children lie and get away with it. 20. ancient: belonging to times that are long past e.g. Furniture designs have reflected the fashion of very era from ancient times to the present. Hebrew is an ancient language that became extinct, but has now been brought back to life and is spoken today.,21. catalog: (also catalogue) a complete list of items e.g. Users outside the library can access millions of bibliographic records, including the entire card catalog, through the Internet. Dell sells its products directly to customers through the Internet and mail order catalogs rather than through retail outlets. 22. terrify: make (sb.)very frightened e.g. Flying has terrified some people since the terrorists attack on the World Trade Center. The gunmans threats terrified her into handing over the money.,23. normally: under normal circumstances; ordinarily e.g. During 26 years of research on sharks I have found them to be normally unaggressive and even timid toward man. Greatly affected by E1 Nino, areas that are normally wet, such as Indonesia, the Philippines and eastern Australia have experienced drought. 24. mixture: a combination of two or more things or styles e.g. A mixture of cultures form around the world is reflected in the street festivals and ethnic celebrations in New York City. Offspring receive a mixture of genetic information from both parents. Smog, a mixture of smoke and fog, irritates the eyes, throat, and lungs and also damages plants.,25. brilliant: very intelligent; extremely clever e.g. With his brilliant theoretical work, Albert Einstein revolutionized 20th century physics. It was his brilliant performance in Hamelt that established his reputation. The Hubble telescope is a brilliant new device that allows us to peer far more deeply into heavens. 26. inherit: 1) have features or qualities from an ancestor e.g. Although all humans share the same set of genes, individuals can inherit different forms of a given gene, making each person genetically unique. Deficiencies in immune function may be either inherited or acquired. While people biologically inherit many physical traits and behavioral instincts, culture is socially inherited. 2) receive (money, property, etc. of an ancestor) e.g. He has no son to inherit his land. Mary inherited the money form her parents.,27. comment: a written or spoken remark giving an opinion e.g. He was making rude comments about her haircut. There has been no comment so far from police about the bomb attack happening yesterday. v. (followed by on) e.g. The president refused to comment on the issued of gun violence on campus. The teacher commented on the fact that some students were absent for class. 28. genius: (a person who has) exceptionally great creative ability e.g. Thomas Edison is considered a genius of invention. From the age of three, she showed signs of genius.,29. atomic: concerning atoms or the energy released by them e.g. On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. As the atomic nuclei are fused together, an extraordinary amount of energy is released. 30. curiosity: a strong desire to know and learn (followed by about) e.g. Science museums stimulate curiosity and allow people to learn at their own space. As a youth Einstein showed a brilliant curiosity about nature and an ability to understand difficult mathematical concepts. My daughter showed an enthusiasm and curiosity about Chinese history. 31. let loose: set free; release e.g. Dont let that dog loose in the yard, as it will terrify the kids. Trainees will go through a four-hour lesson before they are let loose on the controls.,32. transplant: 1) remove tissue or an organ form one person or animal and put it into another e.g. To repair injuries such as burns, skin is sometimes transplanted from one area of the body to another. The operation to transplant a kidney is now fairly routine. 2) remove a growing plant with its roots and plant it elsewhere e.g. Tea was transplanted from China to India and Sri Lanka. The seedlings can be transplanted when they are bout four inches tall. n. transplant (ation) e.g. In some instances, surgeons may perform a lung transplant to save a patients life. Cloning may generate genetically modified animal organs that are suitable for transplantation into humans. Advances in organ transplantation have brought new hope to those afflicted with diseased organs.,33. lash out at: make a sudden violent attack at with blows or words e.g. He lashed out at them with his fists. It seemed that he was going to lash out at the saleswoman, but he controlled himself. 34. immune: 1) protected against through the bodys natural resistance (followed by to) e.g. The health of the body is dependent on the immune systems ability to recognize and then destroy bacteria and viruses. A healthy immune system protects the body against bacteria, viruses, and other harmful agents. It seemed for a while that infants were immune to Aids. My brother seems to be immune to colds-he just never gets them. 2) not affected by sth. (followed by to) e.g. Football is not immune to economic recession.,35. merge: (cause to ) combine e.g. In the great melting pot like New York City cultures are merged and traditions lost. In the story he merged his mind with the robots a