跨文化翻译07年5月6日.ppt

中式英语或中国英语,Chinglish or China English,Chinglish: Chinese English,Chinglish(中式英语)指的是在使用英语时,因受汉语思维方式或文化的影响而生搬硬套、拼造出不符合英语表达习惯的,具有中国特征的不规范的或畸形的英语.这是中国人在学习英语过程中普遍出现的,尽管暂时、却是必然的一种语言现象.,The Top Ten Words of 2005 全球最流行的十大词汇,1. Refugee/ 2. Tsunami 3. Poppa/Papa/Pope / 4. Chinglish 5. H5N1 / 6. Racaille 7. Katrina / 8. Wiki 9. SMS / 10. Insurgent By Global Language Monitor 全球语言监听会,欢迎再来！,Welcome,Welcome to visit my blog Welcome to my blog “I welcome you to my blog.”的缩略 Welcome to ride with us (again)! Thank you for riding with us (and we would be pleased to have you back in the future)!,Welcome,避免用welcome to do something表示“欢迎做某事”。Youre welcome to stay here as long as you like是一句通顺的句子，但这里的welcome表示“可以随意”，不是“欢迎”。,Try: 我想她不会来了 。,I think she wont come. （我想她不会来了。中文的思维） 正确的说法是： I dont think she will come. （我不认为她会来了。）,中文的思维,英语里的习惯表达方式就是“I dont think + 肯定”，而非“I think + 否定”，没什么理由可讲。所以大家要做的就是去习惯它，而不是继续沿着中文的思维使用Chinglish。,Chinglish,中国式英语可以被看作是pidgin language（洋泾浜）语言的一种，其特征是广泛采用中式的语法和造词形式来表达英语，Chinglish的由来已经可以追溯到殖民地时代，并非特制中国英语学生常见的语言谬误 。,Try: 我 喜欢 吃 苹果,E.g. chinglish means people who speak English with Chinese grammar,ignore the grammar of English itself. for example:我 喜欢 吃 苹果 CHINGLISH: I like eat apples. Correct answer: I like eating apples.,How to do something,Chinglish: How to say it in English? English: How do you say it in English? Chinglish: How to prepare for GRE? English: How do I prepare for GRE? Chinglish: How to tell hes lying? English: How do you/I tell hes lying?,Exception,当然，母语者也会用“How to do something?”这样的句子，但那只是为了达到某一效果（比如打破正常的节奏、增强冲击力）偶尔为之，绝对不把它当作真理对待。另外，“How to do something”也常用来当标题（因为标题不用成句），但不加问号。,Dare you eat it?童子鸡,教高中英语课的徐老师竟然在一名学生的英语作文中看到了这样一个词：“Young Chicken Without Sex”（直译为“没有性生活的年轻的鸡”），当她把这个学生叫来询问其中文含义时，这个学生说道：“这不就是童子鸡的意思嘛，我是在一家大饭店的菜谱上看到的。”,残疾人专用卫生间,比如残疾人专用卫生间门外的英文标牌是“Deformed Man”，翻译过来成了“畸形人士专用”；Disabled,“依依芳草，敬请爱怜”,有些听起来过于煽情，比如一家公园草坪上有块提醒人们爱护绿地的标牌，上面写着“依依芳草，敬请爱怜”，下面的英文翻译是“Show Mercy to the Slender Grass”，呼吁人们“对脆弱的草地发发慈悲”。,“小心路滑”,有个提醒行人“小心路滑”的指示牌上用的英文是“To take notice of safe: The slippery are very crafty”。如果按这个英文翻译过来应该是：要注意保险箱；那些滑的是非常狡猾的。,Try to avoid,/china/chinglish.php,The following are the original Chinese version of a part of a brochure on the “Dragon-Boat Festival” of a city and its English translation.,轻快的龙舟如银河流星，瑰丽的彩船似海市蜃楼，两岸那金碧辉煌的彩楼连成一片水晶宫，是仙境？是梦境？仰视彩鸽翩飞，低眸漂灯流霓，烟火怒放，火树银花， The lightsome dragon-boats appear on the river as though the starts twinkle in the milk way. The richly decorated pleasure boats look like a scene of mirage. The splendid awnings in green and gold chain into a palace of crystal. Is this a fairyland or a mere dream? Looking above, you can see the doves flying about; looking below, you can see the sailing lamps glittering. Crackling are the fireworks, which present you a picture of fiery trees and silver flowers. ,Comments,中文读起来，似乎亦无不可。但一读其英文译稿，效果却大不一样。译者可算煞费苦心。我特意请了一位美国新闻工作者看看并坦率写出它的评语。他说：Full of hyperbole (充满了极度夸张)，不仅不知所云，而且令人发笑。 （Quoted from 关世杰，1995）,Version 1 by Yang Hsien-yi(杨宪益), 1978 Version 2 by David Hawkes, 1973,China English,Long time no see. Read the Global Language Monitors report about Chinglish,水均益,水均益,水均益被业界和广大电视观众所熟知的另一主要原因是因为他的专访节目，在专访国际风云人物方面，他是国内第一品牌，独坐国内新闻界专访外国政要、世界商界巨贾和国际知名人士的首把交椅。,水均益,Current position: Producer and Host of “EASTERN HORIZONTOP TALK ” 东方时空高端访问 at CCTV-1, Anchor of “NEWS IN FOCUS” 焦点访谈at CCTV-1 and “360” 360度 at CCTV News Channel.,Interviews ( more than 200),U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan, Japanese Prime Minister Abe shinzo, Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, Prime Minister Tony Blair, President Putin, President of the International Olympic Committee, Mr. Roger, Former President of the International Olympic Committee, Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch, King Norodom Sihanouk, President Karzai of Afghanistan,Interviews ( more than 200),President of Ireland, President of Latvia, Prime Minister of Malaysia, President of Uganda, President of Tanzania, President Fox of Mexico, President Musharraf, Prime Minister of New Zealand, Prime Minister of Romainia, President of South Korea, President Toledo of Peru, King Abudullah of Jordan and Mr. Bill Gates, Mr. Soros, Mr. Placido Domingo, Mr. Tiger Woods etc.,Sources of China English,Xinhua New Agency CCTV C Translation of all the government reports and documentary Etc. More good translation,“轻身减肥片” Slimming Pills,Obesityreducing Tablets (original) 此药是著名的杭州中药二厂的拳头产品，原来的泽名为，但美国人看了译名，以为是专给obese people （特大胖子）吃的，所以许多胖子（并非肥胖症患昔）出于面子，不愿问津。其实此药除了能治单纯性肥胖症之外，还能减肥。为了投顾客所好，将原译名改为，其销售情况大有改善。,“Moon Rabbit or “Jade Rabbit”?,“玉兔” moon rabbit not jade rabbit 原因在于：“玉免”乃我国神话中陪伴吴刚生活在月宫挂花树下的兔子，因此，它又成为月的代称。将它译成Moon Rabbit体现了我国方老文化的风来，读英文不易产生异解，不会误认为是玉做成的兔子。,藕粉,Lotus Root Starch or Lotus Root powder 杭州的西湖藕粉是自主出名的滋养品，历史上曾作为“贡粉”每年进献给皇帝，许多炎黄子孙都知道这一点，但对英美人士来说却鲜为人知。当翻译人员根据具有权威性的汉英词典中的“藕粉”英译Lotus Root Starch向外宾作广告宣传时，不少人仍是不乐意购买，原因在于starch一词，因为多吃starch容易发胖，而许多西方人都怕发胖。后将starch改成powder或pudding购者明显增加。,Cock or Rooster,我国“金鸡牌”闹钟在国外有较高声誉，但美中不足的是其译名似嫌欠雅因为“Golden Cock“中的Cock在英美等国家除有“雄鸡”一义外，还有“雄性器官”之义，使此译名失之粗俗。为使译名变雅，最好把cock换成rooster。这一改基本可使原文读者与译文读者具有同样的审美感受。,“白熊” “White Elephant” “White Bear”,一种出口干电池的商标叫“白象”，英译成“White Elephant”，应该说是百分之百地正确。殊不知a white elephant是条固定的英文短语，意为“沉重的负担”（a burdensome possession）或“无用而累赘的东西”（useless）。,Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔沃尔夫假说,Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. The real world is to a large extent unconsciously built up on the language habits of the group. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. (Sapir,1931), that the linguistic system (in other words, the grammar) of each language is not merely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper of ideas, the program and guide for the individuals mental activity, for his analysis of impression, for his synthesis of his mental stock in trade (Whorf, 1952),萨丕尔沃尔夫假说基于他们对于印第安语言的研究。 e.g. 1）English：his horse, her horses Navajo（纳瓦霍语）：他的/她的/它的/他们的/她们的/它们的马（群） 2）English: One dresses. Navajo: One moves into clothing. 3) English: One is young. Navajo: One moves about newly.,飞利浦照明公司某区人力资源副总裁（美国人）与一位被认为具有发展潜力的中国员工交谈。想听听这位员工对自己今后五年的职业发展规划以及期望达到的位置。中国员工并没有正面回答问题，而是开始谈论起公司未来的发展方向、公司的晋升体系，以及目前他本人在组织中的位置等等。将了半天也没有正面回答副总裁的问题。副总有些大惑不解，没等他说完已经有写不耐烦了，因为同样的事情之前已经发生了好几次。“我不过是想知道这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算，想要在飞利浦做到什么样的职位罢了，可为何就不能得到明确的回答呢？”谈话结束后，副总忍不住想人力资源总监甲抱怨道。“这位老外总裁怎么这样咄咄逼人？”谈话中受到压力的员工也想甲谈苦。作为人力资源总监，甲明白双方之间不同的沟通方式引起了隔阂，虽然他极力想双方解释，但要完全消除已经产生的问题并不容易。,以上便是整个案例，这是一个很典型的跨文化焦急的例子。首先，我们看到这位副总裁是美国籍人，而那位员工则是中国籍。既然出生于两个不同的过度，那他们的思维方式、生活习惯、文化北京、教育程度、文化差异等众多方面都存在着差异。正是由于这些文化差异的存在，才使得双方在交流、沟通过程中产生一系列障碍。其次，“中国员工并没有正面回答问题”，我们可以想象一下这位中国员工没有正面回答问题的原因。比如说由于语言障碍、没有理解透彻美国副总裁所说话语的原意；或者说副总的文化方式让中国员工产生了误解；亦或是中国员工有意回避从正面回答。以上原因都知识我们的推测而已。下面我们给出一个假设。假设这位中国员工从正面直接回答了副总的问题。比如，中国员工回答：“想在五年之内作到营销部经理的职位。”很显然，按照中国人的传统心理，这样的回答违反了中国人一向谦虚、委婉的心理习惯。太直接反而暴露出自己很有野心，高傲自大的缺陷。谦虚也可以给自己留有后路，万一做不到那个理想的位子，也不至于丢面子，被人耻笑。恰恰相反，美国人一向简单明了，很直接，这也是他们一贯的思维方式。,1. Lexical Meaning and Culture,Denotation(指示意义) Lexical meaning Connotation(隐含意义) E.g. 从事政治、关心政治，特别是以政治为生涯的人 politician 不讲原则，当面一套，背后一套，能言善辩，言而无信的人,coonotation,a quality or an idea that a word makes you think of that is more than its basic meaning denotation connotation of The word professional has connotations of skill and excellence. a negative connotation,“Bermuda“ with its connotations of fun and sun For most people “motherhood“ has a very positive connotation.,Denote/denotation,transitive formal 1 to mean something connote: What does the word curriculum denote that course does not? 2 to represent or be a sign of something = indicate: Crosses on the map denote villages. denotative adjective denotation noun countable Each X on the map denotes 500 people. The dotted line on the graph denotes profits. The English word “family“ used to denote all the people in the house, including servants.,Lexical meaning in different cultures,1) AD = BD, AC = BC 2) AD = BD, AC BC 3) AD = BD, AC 0, BC = 0,A,B代表任意两种语言，这里主要只讨论词汇，D代表denotation, C代表connotation. 1）AD=BD,AC=BC,即两种语言指示和隐含意义都相同，如英汉语中的“fox”和“狐狸”； 2）AD=BD,ACBC,即两种语言指示意义相同，隐含意义不同，如“red”和“红“； 3）ADBD,AC0, BC=0, 即两种语言指示意义相同，隐含意义A有，B没有。如我们的“松柏”，有隐含意，和英语中的“pine, cypress“，无隐含意。,1) AD = BD, AC = BC,Fox and “狐狸” Pig and “猪” “松” 、“莲” in China and Japan (“岁寒知松柏，逆境见本色”) “蝙蝠” in China, Japan and Korea “四” 、“八” in China and Japan,2) AD = BD, AC BC,Try to translate the following Chinese phrase into English . 红糖 brown sugar 红茶 black tea 眼红 be covetous 开门红 get a good start 红白喜事 weddings and funerals 黑眼圈a black eye 被打得发青的眼圈 清白 honest 白眼 a disdainful look; a cold shoulder 青天 1.blue sky 2.a just judge; an upright magistrate,Try to translate the following English phrase into Chinese,a blue Monday(倒霉的星期一 ) a white lie (善意的谎言） a green wound（新伤口） a green hand（幼稚、没有经 验） yellow journalism耸动的新闻与煽情的漫画(是描述当年纽约市的 New YorkWorld 与 Journal 两家报纸为争取客源而刊载所用的形容词 ) a black eye（丢脸、坏名声） red-letter days（纪念日或喜庆的日子 ）,“红”（red） * 红利、红运、分红、红榜、红包、开门红、满堂红、大红人、走红、红极一时、红得发紫 * 红旗、红军、红心、红五星、红袖章、红领巾、红色政权、红色根据地、红色娘子军 * red carpet treatment * red-light district, red flags, in the red “凤凰”（phoenix） “猫头鹰”（owl）,“狗”（dog） * 狗急跳墙、狗仗人势、狼心狗肺、鸡鸣狗盗、狗头军师、鸡零狗碎、蝇营狗苟 * You lucky dog. Every dog has its day. He worked like a dog. You cant teach an old dog new tricks. Discussion: Can you figure out the different cultural connotations of the following words? “农民”（peasant） “龙”（dragon） “孔雀”（peacock）,3) AD = BD, AC 0, BC = 0,“松、柏、鹤、桃” （pine, cypress, crane, peach） “梅、兰、竹、菊” （plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum） “13” “九” 文学典籍中特殊人物形象 e.g. 唐僧、猪八戒、孙悟空、潘金莲、林黛玉、张飞 Cinderella, Shylock,2. Pragmatic Rules(语用规则) and Culture,1）Addressing *先生、小姐、师傅 Mr. Mrs. Ms. “Excuse me.” *“Old Zhang” “Little Li” Cf. 在英语国家，用姓作称谓只限于很少的几种情况，例如：在小学里教师对学生，教练对球员，监狱看守对于囚犯。 *“Wang Ju” “Senior Engineer” *Laoshi,2) Invitation “We must get together soon.”(我们一定得聚聚。) “Come over for dinner next Saturday night.” A: Hi, B. B: Hi. A: When are we going to get together? B: We really should. A: You know my office number. Just give me a call. B: Okay. A: Good. So long. B: Bye.,3) On the phone Whats the difference for Chinese people and American people to receive a phone?,“我们首先发现的是在电话谈话的开头有一连串的hello，双方都不说明自己的身份。在第二个来回当中，打电话的人要求接电话的人说明身份，这一要求遭到对方拒绝。反过来，接电话的人问打电话的人的身份，而打电话的人并不回答这一问题，相反却开始猜对方的身份。接电话的人也试图猜出对方是谁。在双方的猜测被证实以后，谈话通过一系列问候和答问进行，直到六个来回之后才正式提出谈话的主题，或者至少打电话一方表示他有问题需要提出。住在埃及的外国人普遍反应是电话谈话毫无规律可循。” （社会语言学家Schmidt对埃及人的215次电话谈话作出研究）,4) To apologize Case Study: Whats wrong here? In Japan, Richard, an engineer from the United States, has an unpleasant experience though he though he had handled it well. A number of serious mistakes had occurred in a project he was supervising. While the fault did not lie with any one person, he was a supervisor and at least partly to blame. At a special meeting called to discuss the problem, poor Richard made an effort to explain in detail why he had done what he had done. He wanted to show that anybody in the same situation could have made the same mistake and to tacitly suggest that he should not be blamed unduly. He even went to the trouble of distributing materials which explained the situation rather clearly. And yet, even during his explanation, he sensed that something he was saying or doing was wrong.,3. Communication Style and Culture,1）“桥式” VS “垫脚石式” （US VS Japan） 夏威夷的美国成年人每天谈话平均占6小时43分，而日本成年人谈话只占3小时31分。,香港中国商人在公司会议讨论时英文发言的录音,American: How does the Nutritional Institute decide what topics to study? How do you decide what topic to do research on? Chinese: Because, now, period get change. Its different from past time. In past time, we emphasize how to solve practical problems. Nutrition must know how to solve some deficiency diseases, such as x, y, z. But, now it is important that we must do some basic research. So, we must take into account fundamental problems. We must concentrate our research to study some fundamental problems.,2）东方：归纳法induction（个别一般） VS 西方：演绎deduction（一般个别） (Next page for more explanation),Deduction/induction,议论文的论证方法有归纳法(induction)、演绎法(deduction)、对照法(comparison)等。 归纳法就是通过一些个别事例，归纳它们的共 同属性，综合它们的共同本质，得出一个带有普遍性的结论。 归纳法 又叫例证法，亦即以事实为依据，证明自己观点的正确性。 演绎法就 是引用一些经典著作的原话，或用公认的、众所周知的科学原理和道 理推断出一个新论点。演绎法又叫引证法，即以理论为依据，证明自己观点的正确性。 对照法是把两种相似或相同的事物放在一起加以比较， 从而得出与之有关的结论。在一篇议论文中，也可以兼用上述三种方法。 议论文所用的时态较广，被动语态和虚拟语气也较常运用。,Verbal: Tony Blair,Olympic Speech by Tony Blair Lets listen to him. Why: French and English? (Lets watch and listen to Tony Blairs speech),IOC: International Olympic Committee(1),法语和英语是国际奥委会的两种官方工作语言，它还有另外四种工作语言：德语、西班牙语、俄语和阿拉伯语。 现任主席雅克罗格（比利时人，Jacques Rogge），2001年7月任职。国际奥委会委员是由奥委会全体会议选举产生的，委员数目并不是固定的。,IOC: International Olympic Committee(2),现在奥林匹克宪章规定，当选委员必须是国际奥委会承认的国家或地区、奥委会隶属的国家或地区公民，并居住在该国或该地区。 国际奥委会的正式语言是法语和英语，因此，要求当选委员必须会讲法语或英语。一般一个国家或地区只能有一名委员。但是国际奥委会认为那些积极开展奥林匹克运动和举办过奥运会的国家，可拥有两名委员。不是每国家或地区的奥委会都有国际奥委会委员。 目前国际奥委会有167个会员。,Another important matter to consider,Have you changed after youve learned another language? Lets find out together!,Items of Subtractive Change,“在英语水平提高的同时，我发现自己的汉语不如以前地道了”； “学习英语之后，我发现自己的举止做派都变得比较西化”； “学习英语之后，我对中国的一些传统习惯产生了反感”； “学习英语之后，我开始拒绝中国的一些传统观念”。,Items of Split Change,“我现在讲汉语时经常不自觉地夹杂英语，这让我感觉怪怪的”； “当我往返于英、汉行为方式之间时，好像自己被痛苦地撕割成了两半”； “和外国朋友告别时，我会为了选择握手还是拥抱、亲吻感到困惑”； “学习英语之后，我经常挣扎于矛盾的价值观念之间”。,Items of Productive Change,“在英语水平提高的同时，我对汉语的感受能力也提高了”； “学习英语之后，我觉得自己比以前更关心外部世界的变化了”； “学习英语之后，我变得更善解人意，能更好地与人交流”； “随着英语文学艺术欣赏水平的提高，我对中国的文学艺术越来越有兴趣”。,Case Study：The