养猪生产中的七个要点.ppt

Seven Vital Points for Pork Production 养 猪 生 产 中 的 七 个 要 点,Challenges for the New Millenium 新 千 年 的 挑 战,朱 稳 森 博士 美 国 谷 物 协 会 中 国 广 州,7 Vital Points,I. Genetics 遗 传 II. Animal Environments 动 物 环 境 III. Nutrition 营 养 IV. Herd Health 猪 群 健 康 V. Marketing the Product 销 售 产 品 VI. Waste Management 排 污 管 理 VII. Production Management 生 产 管 理,I. Genetics 遗 传 II. Animal Environments 动 物 环 境 III. Nutrition 营 养 IV. Herd Health 猪 群 健 康 V. Marketing the Product 销 售 产 品 VI. Waste Management 排 污 管 理 VII. Production Management 生 产 管 理,Genetics 遗 传 - Performance of the pig will never be better than that level of performance permitted by the information encoded in its genetic material. 猪的生产性能决不会超过企遗传信息所允许的表现 Genetics is important in several key aspects of production: 遗传在养猪生产的下列方面很重要： Reproduction 繁殖 Growth 生长 Resistance to Disease 抗病能力 Product Acceptability 产品接受能力,Reproductive Characteristics with a Genetic Component 遗传组分的繁殖特性 Age at First Estrus 初情期 Intensity and Duration of Estrus 发情表现和持续时间 Seasonal Infertility 季节性不孕 anestrus 不发情 failure to conceive 配种失败 pregnancy loss 妊娠失败 abortion 流产 late return to estrus 返情推迟 sow “not in pig” failure to farrow 分娩失败 prolonged wean-estrus interval 断奶到发情间隔延长,Reproductive Characteristics with a Genetic Component 繁殖性状遗传组分 Pigs Born Alive 活产仔数 Ovulation Rate 排卵率 Fertilization of Ova 受精 Embryo Durability 胚胎存活力 Development and Survival of Fetus to Term 分娩前胎畜的发育和存活 Litter Weight at Birth 出生重 Milk Production 泌乳量 Wean to Estrus Interval 断奶到发情的间隔 Longevity 使用寿命 Libido 性欲,Growth Characteristics with Genetic Components 生长性状遗传组分,Average Daily Gain 日增重 Body weight gain 体增重 Lean tissue gain 瘦肉组织增重 Mature Body Size 成熟体格 Growth curve 生长曲线 Early growth 早期生长 Sustained growth 持续生长 Should be appropriate to desired market weights 应是理想上市体重 Regression of Body Size 体格的回归 Boar Gilt Barrow 公猪母猪阉公猪,Feed Efficiency 饲料效率 Nutrient Digestion and Absorption 养分的消化和吸收 Metabolism of Nutrients 养分代谢 Uniformity of Growth 生长一致性 Large drafts of Uniform Pigs Marketed 大批一致的上市猪 Ability to design exact nutritional regimens 设计正确的营养配方的能力,Growth Characteristics with Genetic Components 生长性状遗传组分,Genetic Resistance to Disease 抗病遗传,Durability 耐粗性 Robust, Durable - Coarse 强壮，耐粗-粗糙 Fragile - Refined 敏感 - 精细 Foot and Leg Structural Soundness 肢蹄结实度 Humoral Immunocompetency - Ig Production 体液免疫性Ig产生 Cellular Immunocompetency 细胞免疫性 SLA/MHC Haplotype,Product Acceptability 产品接受能力,PSE Pork 苍白松软渗水猪肉 Halothane Gene 氟烷基因 Napole Gene Napole 基因 Others? 其它？ Intramuscular Fat Content 肌间脂肪含量 Intramuscular Glycogen Content 肌间糖原含量 Muscle Fiber Characteristics 肌纤维性质 Skin/Hair color 皮肤/毛发颜色 Preferences of market 市场喜好 Dehairing ability 脱毛能力,Animal Environments 动物环境,Housing 圈舍 Equipment 设施 Interaction of the Pig with the Production Environment 猪和市场环境的互相影响 Interaction of People with the Production Environment 人和市场环境的相互影响,Animal Environment - Housing 动物环境圈舍,Designed for Pigs to live in. 为 猪 而 设 计 Pig Oriented Housing Designs 以猪为指南的圈舍设计 Temperature Control 温度控制 Heating 加热 Cooling 降温 Ventilation 通风 Moisture Control 湿度控制 Temperature Control 温度控制,Animal Environment - Equipment 动物环境设施,Access to feed 采食饲料能力 Access to water 饮水能力 Confinement/Control 封闭/控制 Animal Comfort 动物舒适 Usability - “ergonomics” 可使用能力人类工程学,Animal Environment - Interaction with the Pig 动物环境和猪的互相影响,Production Efficiency 生产效能 Pig Welfare / Well-being 猪的福利 Stress Reduction 应激下降,Animal Environment - Interactions with People. 动物环境与人的互相影响,Ease of Operation 易于操作 Worker Productivity 工人生产能力 Avoidance of Hazardous Conditions 避免危险的条件 Reduction of Injuries 减少伤害,Nutritional Challenges 营养挑战,Meet the Nutritional Requirements of the Pig 满足猪的营养需要 Economic Optimization of Diet Formulations 日粮配制的经济最优化 Meet Demands of the Market for Feed 满足市场对饲料的需求 Continuing Research 继续研究 Producer Education 生产者培训,Nutritional Requirements of the Pig 猪的营养需要,Situation-Specific Requirements 特别需要 Genetics 遗传 Gender 性别 Production Environment 生产环境 Stage of Production 生产阶段 Desired End-product Considerations 考虑市场对终产品的需求,Nutritional Optimization 营养优化,Formulation 配方 Optimal Production Levels 最佳生产水平 Optimal Costs of Production 最佳生产成本 Best Cost，not only Least-Cost . 最佳成本不只是最低成本 Growth Modeling 生长模型 Avoid Underformulating or Overformulating 避免不足或过度配方 Improve Growth Rate, Feed Efficiency 提高生长速度，改善饲料效率 Increase Protein Accretion Rate and Total Lean % 提高蛋白增长速度和总瘦肉量,Nutritional Optimization 营养优化,Interactive Growth Modeling 猪与生长模型的互作 Constant Flow of Data from Farm 猪场数据持续转化为模型 Adjustment of Diets to fit Feed intake and Growth rates. 调整日粮以与饲料采食量和生长速度相吻合,Demand of the Market for Feed 市场对饲料的需求,Producer Preferences 生产者的偏爱 Local Ingredients 当地原料 Tradition 传统 Knowledge 知识,Producer Education 生产者培训,The more we understand the system, the better job we can do. 对系统了解越多，就会把工作做得更好 Perfection of Knowledge Expels Fear. 彻底了解就会无所畏惧。,Applied Nutrition Research Challenges 应用营养学研究,Bridge the Gap Between Producers and Researchers. 沟通生产者和研究者 Demonstration/Proving of Existing Technologies. 现有技术的演示与验证 Develop Ways to Implement New Technologies. 新技术的开发渠道 Assess the Impact of Technologies on the Industry and Suggest Appropriate Action. 评估技术对养猪业的影响并提出可行方案,Basic Nutrition Research Challenges 基础营养研究,Refinement of Nutrient Requirements 完善营养需要 Develop Practical Methods for Evaluating Feedstuffs 开发评价饲料原料的实用方法 Biochemical/Biometric Testing of Pigs to Determine Nutritional Adequacy/Excess. 进行猪的生化/生物统计学测定， 以确定营养适量/过量 Techniques for Improvement of Nutrient Utilization. 改善养分利用的技术,Herd Health Challenges 猪群健康,Reduce the Economic Impact of Infectious Disease 减少疾病造成的经济损失 Epidemic Disease 流行病 Endemic “Production” Disease 流行生产病 Make Reliable Diagnostic Services Available 可靠的诊断服务 Develop and Implement Preventive Programs 开发和实行预防计划 Establish Eradication Programs. 建立根除计划,The Decline of the Antibiotic Age 抗生素时代的衰退,Trend: Lessening of the Role of Antibiotics in Pig Production. 趋势：养猪生产中抗生素的作用在减弱 Microbial Resistance 细菌的抵抗力 Consumer Concerns 消费者关注 Cost Reduction 降低成本 Medicine 药物 Labor 劳力 Lost production 生产损失,Alternatives to Antibiotic Use. 取代抗生素使用的可行措施,Management 管理 All-in/All-out 全进全出 Early Weaning 早期断奶 Segregation and Isolation 隔离 Better Animal Environments个 较好的动物环境,Alternatives to Antibiotic Use. 取代抗生素使用的可行措施,Genetics 遗传 Vaccination 疫苗注射 Better Diets 较好的日粮 Innovative Dietary Ingredients 新的日粮组分 ZnO - Useful 2 weeks after weaning ZnO断奶后2周有效 Oligosaccharides (effect not yet proven) 寡糖（效果尚未证实）,Eradication of Internationally Important Epidemic Viral Diseases of Swine 根除重要的世界流行病毒病,Why? 为什么？ Elimination of Present and Future Threat 消除现行和将来的恐惧 Gain Access to International Export Markets 获得国际出口市场 USA free from: 美国没有： FMD - 1920s 口蹄疫 HCV - 1980s 猪瘟 PRV - 2000 伪狂犬病 Canada, Japan - free 日本，加拿大没有 Europe 欧洲,Eradication of Internationally Important Epidemic Viral Diseases of Swine 根除重要的世界流行病毒病,Methods 方法 Area Vaccination to Reduce Spread and Effect 区域性进行疫苗注射以减少传播和危害 Elimination of Reservoirs and “Virus Factories” 消除病毒库和病毒工厂 Diagnostic Tools 诊断工具 Effective Vaccines 有效的疫苗 Management - Education - Training 管理培训训练,Diagnostic Challenges 诊断,Knowledge-Based Disease Management 对疾病了解基础上的疾病控制 Problems are often Multifactorial. 问题经常是多因素引起的。 The treatment should fit the problem. 治疗应对症 Establish Linkage Between Farms and Labs 建立猪场和实验室之间的联系 Trust - mutual 互相信任 Financial - testing costs money. 财政检验需要花钱 Service - good answers on time. 服务好的回答是及时回答,Diagnostic Challenges 诊断,Adaptation of Old and New Technologies 新 旧 技 术 的 应 用 Bacteriology - 细菌学 culture and sensitivity 培养和敏感性 bacterins 自价疫苗 Histopathology 组织学 Advanced Methods 先进方法 ELISA 酶联免疫 PCR, In-situ Hybridization Electron Microscopy 电子显微镜 Laboratories 实验室 Farm 猪场 Regional 地区 National Reference Laboratories 国家参考实验室,Marketing the Product 销售产品,Promotion 推销 Production 生产 Serve the People 服务 Food Safety 食品安全性 Microbiological Safety 微生物学安全 Freedom from Harmful Chemicals 不含有害化学物质 Attractive Product 有吸引力的产品 Freedom from PSE 没有PSE Antioxidant Feeding 抗氧化剂饲喂 Tastes good 味道好 Intramuscular Fat 肌间脂肪 Intramuscular Glycogen 肌间糖原 Texture 质地,Waste Management 废弃物管理,Odor 气味 Chemicals 化学品 Nitrogen - NH4+, NO3- 氮 Carbon skeletons 探架 Phosphorus 磷 Sulfur 硫 Other minerals - copper, etc. 其它矿物质铜等 Recycling/Recapture of Nutrients 回收养分 water - large space 湿需要较大空间 dry - small space 干需要空间较小 aerobic or anaerobic? 需氧还是厌氧？,Waste Management Challenges 废弃物管理,- a limiting factor for future growth. 是日后养猪业发展的限制因素 North Carolina 北卡罗来纳州 1990s - rapid expansion 迅速扩大发展 Now - No New Pig Farms Permitted. 现在不允许建立新猪场 NIMBY-ism Not In My Back Yard. （别在我的房子后面建猪场）。,Production Management Challenges 生产管理,Pig Factors 猪的因素 People Factors 人为因素,Production Management - People 生产管理 人,Training 培训 Establish proficiency 使雇员熟练操作 Train your people 培训人员 Evaluate based on results 根据结果作出评价 Re-train in specific areas 某些特殊方面可重复培训 Continued periodic training 进行连续的周期性的培训 Train the Trainers. 对培训者进行培训,Production Management - People,Incentive programs are obsolete 奖励制度已过时 d