作文范文(1-3Book2).ppt

,以下为作文语言形式单一化的常见类型:,1. 一味地使用短句或短句有余而长句不足。（写短句是 绝大多数学生的普遍倾向。学生认识误区：写短句比 较有把握，不容易出错，似乎安全系数大些。）,2. 有些简单而又互相联系的思想内容，分散地用几个单独的句子来表达。松散的结构难以体现句子间的关系，使人摸不准作者头脑中依次形成的逻辑关联。,3. 句句皆是“主语+谓语+宾语”、“主语+系动词+表语”等主语领先句，同一结构的堆积成为写作技巧上的一个缺陷。,4. 语态“从一而终”；多见简单句、陈述句。,5. 某一段落句子开头主语从头到尾一词用到底。,即使作文的语法、词汇及内容无可挑剔，如果学生不能灵活掌握语言形式，结果也会或多或少影响到语言内容的表达，难于达到理想的表达效果。,1. 恰如其分地合理穿插使用长句、短句两种句子。,2. 用并列句、复合句来表达互相有联系的思想内容。,3. 开头成份多样化。选用不定式、分词、介词等短 语作状语开句；采取多种从句或形式主语开句； 还可以选择设问句、倒装句、祈使句、强调句等 句型开句。,句型变化手段丰富多采。主动语态、被动语态交替使用；既大量用陈述句，也适当使用疑问句；简单句、复合句变化运用。,遣词造句形式多元化。句子开头，以表示人、物的名词或代词做主语；通过人称及单复数变化改换主语；同时还可用it为形式主语。,你在写下篇作文时，将如何运用上面的方法写出多样的句型？,Dating Is Popular with College Students,Dating is a concept not far away from college students. On campus some lovers walk hand in hand, and some kiss or hug in public. When the majority of ones close friends are in committed (有密切关系的) relationships, to get rid of loneliness, some will date fellow classmates, while others are in long-distance relationships.,Different people show different attitudes. Young lovers say they have right and freedom to fall in love. Some parents think college students mature a litter faster, but its not good to start dating too early, and they should tell dating from marriage. Some teachers are worried that dating might be a great distraction (分散) from their schoolwork. School authorities (官方) neither encourage nor discourage it.,In my opinion, striking a balance between learning and dating is science as well as art. Students may benefit from these relationships. To balance work and play, they encourage each other to work hard. They can work more efficiently (有效率地) this way. So they get high grades while keeping a happy relationship. However, there are also some concerns: its a big deal for students to have a boyfriend or a girlfriend, and they should take their relationships seriously. When they love at first sight, they should love on second thought.,学生反映出表述不清的主要问题:,1. 使用了多余的词、不必要的从句和短语，使意思重复，行文罗嗦，表达累赘。,2. 使用修饰语时，因为修饰语所处位置不当而引起句子歧义。,3. 追求难词怪句。以为这种句子能得高分。,4. 中文式英文令读者不知所云。,1. 同一层次、相关的意思用一个句子表达。适当合并“同类项”。,2. 使用修饰语时，一定要把修饰词、短语或从句与它真正被修饰的词靠近。,3. 真正的经典名句都是用朴实无华的语言揭示生活哲 理。学生选取寻常的表达式，同样可传达真知灼 见。,不要想当然地杜撰；要想方设法利用自己有把握的表达手段清晰准确地表述。,你在写下面这篇作文时，将如何运用上面的方法写出表述清晰的文章？,Directions: Write a composition on the topic: How to Avoid Misunderstandings. Your composition should be no less than 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:,1. 误解在日常生活中十分普遍； 2. 要避免误解有许多办法； 3. 只要注意，很多误解可以避免。没有误 解，生活会更美好。,How to Avoid Misunderstandings?,Misunderstandings may frequently occur in our everyday life. For example, there is a misunderstanding when people use the same words but do not mean the same things. Misunderstanding may also arise between people who behave differently. Misunderstanding each other may cause a lot of trouble in our daily life. Many a quarrel has come about through misunderstanding. Generation gaps appear because of misunderstandings. A serious misunderstanding,fractures (使破裂) friendship. When a couple misunderstand each other badly, marriage is likely to break up. Misunderstanding can lead to great problems for both teachers and students. Then how can we clear up misunderstandings?,Misunderstandings can be avoided in many ways. Here are some tips. To begin with, dont use ambiguous (有歧义的) words. Speak plainly, clearly and directly. Next, highlight your important points. Make sure that others know what your major concerns are. Besides, be honest and modest. Claim to know what you know, dont claim to know what you dont know, and this is wisdom. (知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。) Moreover, when you do not comprehend others fully, dont feel ashamed to ask, “Pardon,I didnt catch your meaning.” or “Im sorry. Would you please explain it again?” Finally, be aware of cultural differences. It is always smart to talk about misunderstandings and respect mutual (相互的) differences.,Though it is impossible to eliminate all misunderstandings, if you keep all the tips above in mind, you will, to the greatest extent, avoid many potential,misunderstandings and understand each other better. Without misunderstandings between people, the world will be a better one, and everyone can enjoy a harmonious (和谐的) and happy life.,语篇连贯(一),学生作文反映出的语篇连贯错误类型:,语义不连贯。思路脱轨，或时时转轨，东拉西扯写得很散，致使主题不突出。生拉硬扯、语义不明的句子使读者难以把握作者应有的思路。,3. 缺乏必要的逻辑连贯。内容排列杂乱无章，显得前言不搭后语，令人十分费解。,2. 衔接不合理。段与段或句与句之间过渡不自然，呆板生 硬，使人难以了解学生真正的写作意图。,1. 利用提供的提纲、提示理清思路，确定段落间的 连贯。靠适当选择与合理淘汰素材，紧扣中心思 想或主题句，使语义具有整体一致性。,2. 在英语提纲适当位置标明可以使用的衔接手段， 如正确的关联词，使句与句、层次与层次、段落 与段落之间的衔接合理。,3. 辨明逻辑关系，分清内容层次。用过程、因果、 综述、对比和比较等组织方法，也可以利用时间、 空间顺序等写作技巧。,在写下面这篇作文时，你怎样注意连贯与衔接？,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: My Definition of Success. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 我对成功的定义； 2. 对成功定义的详细阐述； 3. 小结。,Success is a magic word, and everyone is in constant pursuit of (不断追求) success. But what exactly is success? Generally, success is the realization of ones hopes and justified (正当的) ideals. Under such a general notion (概念，定义), however, people have different understandings of success because the hopes and ideals they appreciate (欣赏，珍惜) vary from individual to individual (因人而异). In my point of view, the definition of success includes four steps: 1) a goal to set; 2) challenges to be met; 3) the process of surmounting (克服) difficulties, and 4) the reward of success.,My Definition of Success,In the first step, one should set a goal that is worthy of pursuing and attainable with effort. Then success begins the moment one starts to pursue the goal. Following the goal-setting, there should be challenges and the process of surmounting difficulties in the pursuit of the goal. These two steps are essential because success acquires its value in accepting challenges, in overco