《哈佛幸福课课件》PPT课件.ppt

Yoga for a Positive Psychology,Psychology 1504 April 24, 2008 Debbie Cohen,Why yoga?,Emily story Tool for well-being Conviction from experience,Overview,Common Objective of Positive Psychology and Yoga What is Yoga? How Yoga works to cultivate a positive psychology Yoga and Positive Psychology Yoga for you,Happiness?,Happiness?,Common pursuit of Positive Psychology and of Yoga philosophy, teaching and practice,Optimal state of human functioning ?,Aristotle- eudaimonia Abraham Maslow- being cognition vs. deficit-motivated cognition William James healthy-mindedness Martin Seligmans optimistic explanatory style Mihalyi Csikszentimihalyis flow Barbara Fredericksons Broaden and Build theory,Optimal state of human functioning ?,George Vaillant- mature defense mechanisms. Sublimation and altruism vs. suppression and projection “I dont want you to think less of yourself. I want you to think of yourself less.” “As fly higher, air cools Daedalus wings” (Positive Psychology conference, October, 2006) Tal Ben-Shahar- Permission to be human Daniel Gilbert- uselessness of stuck compass (Harvard Magazine, Jan/ Feb. 2007),Current Fascination,Yogas perspective on happiness,Yoga and Happiness,Street lamp story Daniel Gilbert on affective forecasting bias (2002).,Yoga and Happiness,Taoist story of man and horse “Everything is as it is and its all the same” -Zayda Vallejo,Yoga for a Positive Psychology The Mind,“Ive had many catastrophes in my life, some of which actually happened” -Mark Twain,Yoga, Nothing New,25,000 BCE Shamanism 3,000-1,900 BCE Indus-Sarasvati Civilization, North India 8th-12th c. Hatha Yoga- cultivating the body,What is Yoga?,Yoga Sutra 2nd or 3rd c. CE YSI.2: Yogas citta vritti nirodhah: A technique to quiet the mind or “the restraint of the modification of the mind-stuff is yoga” (Satchidananda, 1999). YS I.12: Abhyasa and Viragya: practice and equanimity,Yoga off the Mat and in context,Four Branches of Yoga Karma Yoga- action Bhakti Yoga- devotion Jnana Yoga- Self-study Raja Yoga- will-power Goal: Peace of Mind,Raja Yoga, the 8-limbed path,Yamas Niyamas Asana Pranayama Pratyahara Dharana Dhyana Samadhi,Behavior- interactions Behavior- individual Posture Breathing Withdrawal of senses Concentration Effortless now Complete absorption,Yoga for a Positive Psychology: The Mind and Meditation,Brain changes Greater activation in left than right prefrontal cortex Richard Davidson, Jon Kabat-Zinn et al. (2003) New neural pathways (Krelman, Koch, & Fried, 2000).,More brain changes,Lazar 2005, 2006 Resonance circuitry- Increased thickness in medial prefrontal cortex and insula, esp. right side Empathy, interoception and attunement to self and others Logical and intuitive processing.,Hatha Yoga Research,Decreased vulnerability to stress in healthy exercising adults (Baldwin, 1999) Mood 113 psychiatric in-patients POMS (Lavey et al, 2005) Emotionally distressed women (Michaelson et al, 2005) Non-clinical subjects (Woolery, 2004),Research on Hatha Yoga,Cardiovascular disease associated with insulin resistance in diabetes (Innes et al, 2005) Sleep (Cohen, 2004, Khalsa, 2004) Back pain (Sherman, 2005, Williams, 2005)- even 5 months later after 12 wk. program Migraines (John, 2007) Increased GABA levels - depression and anxiety down(Streeter et al, 2007),Body and Mind,Stress Response Amygdala hijack (Reivich, 2002) Hypothalamus and stress response Tonus, blood pressure, blood sugar, heart rate, respiration Relaxation Response Anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus Good decision-making, empathy, emotion, memory,Body and Mind,Candace Pert on Neuropeptides Same neuropeptides are in the endocrine system, the limbic system, the gut Example: Thirst,Yoga for a Positive Psychology The Body, Hatha Yoga,De-conditioning,Re-patterning,Body affects emotions,Self-perception theory or facial feedback hypothesis (Laird, 1974; Strack, Martin, and Stepper, 1988; Sossignan, 2002; Schnall & Laird, 2003) aka. What we do affects how we feel.,“Issues in our tissues” Patricia Walden,Body-based psychotherapies Pierre Janet (1859-1947) Lowens Bioenergetics, Gestalt, I. Rolfs Structural Integration, Feldenkrais Yoga for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Bessel Van der Kolk,Acceptance? Re-pattern?,Kriya Yoga YS.II.1: an intense effort which is directed by the discriminative faculty, our intellect, to orient us towards clear seeing. Discipline- present moment awareness Self study Orientation towards clear seeing,Skillful means or perpetuating patterns?,Obsessional practice of a perfectionist perpetuating perfectionistic tendencies Practicing acceptance when behavior is harming self and others.,Yoga for re-patterning,Practice must be one that pulls us out of self-centered patterns towards clarity. Yoga- loss of ordinary sense of self to open to larger sense of Self,How to be happy,Aristotle- golden mean. No one action tendency always good Arjuna in Bhagavad Gita Path of maturity: self-referential to “hive emotions”,Necessity of context,“As Yoga practitioners and healers, do we prefer to tell students that backbends are effective in combating depression, rather than overcoming selfishness?” (Douglass, 2006).,Alignment,Ability to override habitual tendencies so have freedom to move as is appropriate in any given situation Practice on level of body Practice on level of mind Inform by Kriya yoga Mindfulness All for sake of peace of mind,Whose Domain is it Anyway?,Yoga for a Positive Psychology A positive intervention to “broaden and build” (Barbara Frederickson) Positive Psychology for Yoga To provide context for an often de-contextualized practice Calm the mind to be able to be still,Positive Psychology and Yoga A rose by another name?,Aristotle- eudaimonia and the golden mean Abraham Maslow- being cognition vs. deficit-motivated cognition William James healthy-mindedness Martin Seligmans optimistic explanatory style,Yamas and niyamas, part of raja yoga; kriya yoga Meditative state where loss of ordinary sense of self Niyama: sauca or contentment Yoga as practice of recognizing and re-educating habitual patterns of thinking- meditation,Positive Psychology and Yoga A wedding of east and west?,Mihalyi Csikszentimihalyis flow Barbara Fredericksons Broaden and Build theory and Marty Seligmans learned optimism Gratitude and trust,Bhagavad Gita: “He who recognizes the inaction that is in action, and the action that is in inaction is wise indeed” (trans. Prabhavananda & Isherwood, 1995). YSII.33 Neutralize unwholesome thoughts by cultivating wholesome thoughts. YSI.12 Practice and equanimity,The Place of Paradox,1998 Martin Seligman, President of APA coins “Positive Psychology” and it is as old as humankind. Non-judgmental acceptance of everything as it is AND technique to improve mind-state meditation hatha yoga,Wedding of two worlds,Embracing paradoxes Deep respect for eastern historical and cultural context of yoga and use the practice to support us in more fully embracing our own lives here.,What is it to you?,Yoga- tool for peace of mind for you Regain balance, flexibility, strength, focus, relaxation Awareness of patterns, where stuck Start to become un-stuck Conviction with experience,What kind of yoga?,Meet yourself where you are and then start to move in skillful direction. Sedentary? Start with gentle yoga and gradually work towards more challenging poses. Obsessive exerciser? Start with dynamic style and gradually move towards a more meditative practice.,What style of yoga?,Medium Iyengar Anusara Sivananda,Dynamic Ashtanga (usu. hot) Bikram (hot) Power yoga (hot) Vinyasa (“flow”),Gentle yoga Hatha Kripalu Svaroopa Viniyoga Integral Spiritual Kundalini,How to find a teacher near you,Listings of teachers ,Finding a good yoga teacher,Reputation/ word of mouth Shop around A good match Elicits mindfulness and relaxation Understands how the body works and understands the poses Committed to the practice Communicates effectively,References,Aristotle. (1985). Nicomachean ethics. (Irwin, Terence, Trans.). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co. Baldwin, Maria. Psychological and physiological influences of hatha yoga training on healthy, exercising adults. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A:Humanities and Social Science, 60 (4-A), 1031. Ben-Shahar, Tal. (2002). The question of happiness: On finding meaning, pleasure, and the ultimate currency. Lincoln, NE: Writers Club Press. Bennett-Goleman, Tara. (2001). Emotional alchemy: How the mind can heal the heart. New York: Random House, Inc.,References,Cohen, L, Warneke, C., Fouladi, RT, Rodriguez, MA, Chaoul-Reich, A. (2004). Psychological adjustment and sleep quality in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention in patients with lymphoma. Cancer 100 (10): 2253-2260. Czikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York: Harper-Collins. Davidson, Richard J., Kabat-Zinn, Jon et al. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 564-570. Desikachar, T.K.V. (2007). Positively Healing. Yoga Journal, 201, 111-115.,References,Douglass, L. (2006). Integrating yoga cikitsa in the west: Challenges and future directions. International journal of yoga therapy, 16, 21-32. Duclos, Sandra, Laird, James, Schneider, Eric, & Sexter, Melissa, et al. (1989). Emotion-specific effects of facial expressions and postures on emotional experience. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 57 (1) 100-108. Duclos, Sandra, & Laird, James. (2001). The deliberate control of emotional experience through control of expressions. Cognition & emotion, 15 (1), 27-56. Feuerstein, Georg, Bodian, Stephen. (1993). Living yoga: A comprehensive guide for daily life. New York: Penguin Putnam.,References,Gilbert, Daniel T., Pinel, Elizabeth C., Wilson, Timothy D., Blumberg, Stephen J., & Wheatley, Thalia P. (2002). Durability bias in affective forecasting. In Gilovich, Thomas, Griffin, Dale, Kahneman, Daniel (Eds.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. (pp. 292-312). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Haidt, Johnathan. (2006). The happiness hypothesis: Finding modern truth in ancient wisdom. New York: Basic Books. Innes, K.E. et al. (2005). Risk indices associated with the insulin resistance syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and possible protection with yoga: a systematic review. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 18 (6), 491-519. James, William. Selections from Talks to Teachers (1897). James, William. Selections from Principles of Psychology: Briefer Course (1892).,References,John, P.J. et al. (2007). Effectiveness of yoga therapy in the treatment of migraine without aura: A randomized controlled trial. Headache, 47 (5), 654-661.Kabat-Zinn, J. (1996) Full catastrophe living. New York: Delacorte Press. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1996) Full catastrophe living. New York: Delacorte Press. Kabat-Zinn, Jon, Lipworth, Leslie, Burney, Robert. The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. Journal of behavioral medicine, 8 (2), 163-190. Kabat-Zinn, Jon, Massion, Ann, Kristeller, Jean, Peterson, Linda, et al. Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. American journal of psychiatry, 149 (7), 936-943.,References,Khalsa, S.B. (2004). Treatment of chronic insomnia with yoga: A preliminary study with sleep-wake diaries. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, Dec. 29, 4, 269-279. Laird, James D., & Bresler, Charles. (1992). The process of emotional experience: A self-perception theory. In Clark, Margaret S. (Ed). Review of personality and social psychology, 13 (pp. 213-234). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc. Laird, James D., & Schnall, Simone. (2003). Keep smiling: Enduring effects of facial expressions and postures on emotional experience and memory. Cognition & emotion, 17 (5), 787-797. Lambert, Craig. (2007). The science of happiness. Harvard magazine 109 (3), 26-30, 94-95.,References,Lavey, Roberta, Sherman, Tom, Mueser, Kim, Osborne, Donna, Currier, Melinda, Wolfe, Rosemarie (2005). The effects of yoga on mood in psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 28 (4), 399-402. Lazar, S. (2006) Mind-body connection: Neural correlates of respiration during meditation. Presented at Mind and Life Summer Research Institute, Garrison, New York. Lazar, S.W., Kerr, C.E., Wasserman, R.H., Gray, J.R., Greve, D.N., Treadway, M.T. et al. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport, 16 (17), 1893-1897.,References,Lowen, Alexander. (1958). The language of the body. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. Martin, Leonard, Stepper, Sabine, & Strack, Fritz. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54 (5), 768-777. Maslow, Abraham H. (1968/ 1999). Selected chapters from Towards a psychology of being, 3rd Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Michaelson, A. et al. (2005). Rapid stress reduction and anxiolysis among distressed women as a consequence of a three-month intensive yoga program. Medical Science Monitor, 11 (12), 555-561.,References,Patanjali. (2003). The yoga sutra of patanjali. (Chip Hartranft, Trans.). Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, Inc. (Original work unpublished) Patanjali. (1978/ 1999). The yoga sutras of patanjali. (Sri Swami Satchidananda, Trans.).Virginia: Integral Yoga Publications. (Original work unpublished). Pawelski, J. (2003). William James, positive psychology, and healthy-mindedness. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy (New Series) 17, 53-67.,References,Peterson, Christopher & Seligman, Martin. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Peterson, Christopher. (2006). A Primer in Positive Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. Reivich, Karen, Shatte, Andrew.(2002). The resilience factor: Seven keys to finding your inner strength and overcoming lifes hurdles. Broadway Books.,References,Salovey, P., Caruso, D., & Mayer, J.D. (2004). Emotional intelligence in practice. In Linley, P.A. & Joseph, S. (Eds), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 4477-463). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Seligman, Martin. (2002). Authentic happiness. New York, NY: Free Press, Simon & Schuster, Inc. Shapiro, Shauna L., Schwartz, Gary E.R., & Santerre, Craig. (2005).Meditation and positive psychology. In Snyder, C.R., & Lopez, Shane J. (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 146-164). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Sherman, K.J, Cherkin, D.C., Eroo, J., Miglioretti D.L., Deyo, R.A. (2005). Ann Intern Med. 143 (12): 849-856.,Re