语法填空-非谓语动词.ppt

,非谓语动词是语法填空的必考考点，每年高考至少有1道题。不仅如此，掌握非谓语动词的基本用法，对增强书面表达的文采和提高阅读理解能力都有明显的作用。 首先，我们回顾一下非谓语动词的语法功能(在句中充当何种成分)：,考点解密,现在，我们简要回顾其主要考点：,考点1：作主语 表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为用-ing形式；表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作用不定式。 考点2：作表语 (1) 动名词和不定式作表语说明主语的具体内容。 (2)分词作表语则说明主语的性质，像puzzling, surprising, exciting等-ing分词表示“令人的(事物)”；像puzzled, surprised, excited等-ed分词表示“(人)感到的”。,考点3：作宾语 (1)有些动词只能用不定式作宾语。如refuse, expect, promise, decide, offer, pretend等。(类似动词和短语动词还有哪些？请补上) (2)有些动词只能用动名词作宾语。如：keep, allow, finish, enjoy, mind, practice, avoid, admit, advise, consider, imagine, appreciate, escape, suggest等。(类似动词和短语动词还有哪些？请补上) (3) 在表示“需要”的need, want和require等后用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义，也可用不定式的被动式。,(4)在forget, remember, regret, mean, try等动词后既可接动名词，也可接不定式，但意义差别较大。 (5)在介词之后用动名词作宾语。注意to是介词的短语，如be /get used to, be accustomed to(习惯于), contribute to , devote oneself to /be devoted to, get down to, look forward to等。 (6)含介词的固定句式： prevent /stop /keep sb. /sth. from doing 阻止做,spend /waste time or money in doing 在做方面花费/浪费时间或金钱 have some difficulty/trouble in doing 在做方面有些困难 have a hard time in doing sth.做某事很艰难 there is no sense in doing做是没有理由/道理的 (7)介词后一般只能接动名词，但在表示“除外”的介词but和except后，有时可接不定式；当前面有行为动词do时，不定式不带to；前面没有行为动词do时，要带to。,考点4：作宾补 当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不定式(未来或全过程)或-ing形式(正在进行或一直处于某种状态)；当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是被动关系时，用-ed形式。另外，请注意复习以下6点： (1)在ask, invite, encourage, advise, forbid, remind等动词后，用带to的不定式作宾补。 (2)在help后作宾补的不定式带不带to均可。,(3)在make, let, have等使役动词和feel, smell, hear, see, watch等感官动词后，一般用不带to的不定式作宾补，但在其被动式后作主语补足语时，要加上to。 (4)在with的宾语后，若用-ed形式，表示宾语与-ed形式在逻辑上是被动关系，且意味着该动作已经完成；若用-ing形式，表示宾语与-ing形式在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示动作持续进行。,(5)get sb. to do sth. =have sb. do sth.使某人做某事(主动、将来); get/havedoing使处于某一状态中(主动、持续); getdone=have sth. done请人做/遭受(被动)。 (6) make oneself 后常用understood, heard, seen, known等作宾补，表示让别人明白自己的意思/让自己讲的话被别人听到/让自己被别人看到/让自己被别人认识。,考点5：作状语 (1)在表示时间、让步、方式或伴随情况时，非谓语动词若与句子主语在逻辑上是主动关系，用-ing形式，若与句子主语在逻辑上是被动关系，用-ed形式。 (2)不定式作状语只能放在句末，且不用逗号，多用于表示情绪或情感反应的动词、形容词(如glad, sorry, surprised, frightened, delighted)之后，表示原因。 (3)不定式表结果，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，往往表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的，前面常加only；也还用于tooto, enough to, so/suchas to等固定结构中。-ing形式表示的结果，是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果（同时发生），谓语动词与现在分词的动作是因果关系。,(4)在作表语的形容词后或者作宾补的形容词后作状语，一般只用不定式。 (5)表示目的时只能用不定式，此时的不定式可以放在句首。 (6) 在“连词(如when, while, if, though等)+分词”结构中，当分词与主句主语是主动关系时用-ing形式，是被动关系时用-ed形式。,考点6：作定语 (1)动词不定式作定语：常放在所修饰的名词之后，表示一个将来的动作，多用来修饰have、there be、with之后的名词，表示“有要”；或修饰“the+序数词”。 (2)分词作定语：被修饰的名词与分词是主动关系，用-ing形式，是被动关系时用-ed形式。,考点7：特殊句式 Why not do sth.? =Why dont you do sth.?何不做某事呢？ had better (not) do sth.最好(不)做某事 would rather (not) do sth.宁愿(不)做某事 would do A rather than do B = would rather do A than do B = prefer to do A rather than do B = prefer doing A to doing B 宁做A事不做B事,考点8：独立结构 (1) -ing形式的独立成分：judging by /from(根据判断), generally speaking(一般说来)，strictly speaking(严格说来), frankly speaking(坦率地说)等。 (2)不定式的独立结构：to tell you the truth(和你说实话吧), to make things worse(情况更糟的是)等。 (3)用作介词或连词的considering(考虑到，就而言)和given(考虑到)后接名词或that从句。,解答语法填空时，首先分析句子结构，若句子已有谓语动词且不是并谓语时，所给动词必定用非谓语动词；然后分析该非谓语动词在句中作什么句子成分，初定作该成分的应是哪一种或几种非谓语动词形式；最后再根据非谓语动词各自的特点和用法，同时看谓语动词有没有特别的要求，再结合与逻辑主语的关系，确定该填哪种形式。,解题技巧,另外，在确定用-ing形式还是用-ed形式，用to do还是用to be done时，都是由该非谓语动词与逻辑主语是主动关系还是被动关系来确定的。那么，如何找出非谓语动词的逻辑主语？这与非谓语动词在句中作何种成分有关，详见下表：,例1the proverb, “plucking up a crop 32 (help) it grow”, is based on the following story. (2008年广东),实例剖析,思路分析：因句中已有谓语is based，而“plucking up a crop 32 (help) it grow”是the proverb的同位语，是一个名词短语而非同位语从句，因此，help应是谓语动词；“帮助禾苗长”是“将禾苗拨起来”的目的，作目的状语，用动词不定式，故填to help。,例2While she was getting me _34_ (settle) into a tiny but clean room(2007年广东),思路分析：因句中已有谓语was getting，所以settle应是非谓语动词；又由settle sb. into/in/on(使某人舒服地处于某处)可知，me与settle是被动关系，要用过去分词用宾补，故填settled。,非谓语动词,一、考点分析 非谓语动词在语法填空中，每年必考，且每年一个小题，但四年来，只涉及到非谓语动词的两种用法。,1.作状语。 (2010年广东)He spit it out, 37 (say) it was awful. 解析因句中已有谓语spit，此处又没有连词，say不是并列谓语，而是非谓语动词；又因he与say是主动关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语。,saying,2.作宾补。 (2007年广东)Finally, I accepted the offer of an old peasant woman who lived alone in a little house. While she was getting me 34 (settle) into a tiny but clean room,解析由settle sb. into/in/on(使某人舒服地处于某处)可知，me与settle是被动关系，要用过去分词用宾补。又如：A nurse settled the old man into a chair.护士让那位老人舒舒服服地坐在椅子上。,settled,温馨提示:虽然只考查了非谓语动词作状语和作宾语补足语，但复习时，非谓语动词作定语、作主语和作宾语也不可忽视。,二、真题演练 用所给词的适当形式填空。 1. She wished that he was as easy 32 (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume. (2009年广东),1. to please 句中已有谓语was easy，please应为非谓语动词；因在形容词后作状语，只能用动词不定式，故填to please。,to please,2. For example, the proverb, “plucking up a crop 32 (help) it grow”, is based on the following story. (2008年广东),2. to help 作目的状语，用动词不定式。,to help,3. There were many talented actors out there just waiting _ (discover). (2010江西卷),3. to be discovered。动词wait后习惯上接不定式；另外，actors与discover之间为被动关系，即“等着被发现”，故选不定式的被动式。,to be discovered,4. We were astonished _(find) the temple still in its original condition. (2010辽宁卷),4. to find。be astonished后要接不定式表示原因。,to find,5. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _ (buy) presents for my dad. (2010全国卷I),5. to buy。“给父亲买礼物”是“从银行拿钱出来”的目的，作目的状语，用动词不定式。,to buy,6. His first book _ (publish) next month is based on a true story. (2010陕西卷),6. to be published。根据句中的next month可知是将出版，故要用不定式；又因为book与publish之间为被动关系，故要用不定式的被动式。,to be published,7. I have a lot of readings _ (complete) before the end of this term. (2010山东卷),7. to complete。表示有事要做，用“have+宾语+不定式”结构，其中的不定式用作定语，修饰其前的名词。,to complete,8. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _ first is the library. (2010重庆卷),8. to be repaired。表示首先要修理的那座建筑物，即表示未来，用动词不定式；又the one与repair是被动关系，故用不定式的被动式。,to be repaired,9. _ (approach) the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height. (2010上海卷),9. Approaching。因we与approach是主动关系，所以用现在分词短语作状语。,Approaching,10. In many peoples opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant _ (deal) with. (2010四川卷),10. to deal。在形容词easy, hard, difficult, pleasant等后作状语，用动词不定式，且习惯上要用主动形式表示被动含义。,to deal,11. That is the only way we can imagine _ (reduce) the overuse of water in students bathrooms. (2010上海卷),11. to reduce。不定式在此用作定语，修饰the only way。其实，the only way还有两个定语，一个是we can imagine，另一个是to reduce the overuse of water。,to reduce,12. I had great difficulty _ (find) the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant. (2010上海卷),12. finding。have difficulty (in) doing sth 为固定句式，其意为“做某事有困难”。,finding,13. Im calling to enquire about the position _ (advertise) in yesterdays China Daily. (2010北京卷),13. advertised。由于position(职位) 与 advertise(登广告) 之间为被动关系，且广告昨天已经刊发了，故用过去分词作定语。,advertised,14. So far nobody has claimed the money _ (discover) in the library. (2010湖南卷),14. discovered。由于money与discover之间为被动关系，由句意可知，钱“已经”被发现，故用过去分词作定语。,discovered,15. Alexander tried to get his work _ (recognize) in the medical circles. (2010辽宁卷),15. recognized。考查“get+宾语+过去分词”结构。其中的“宾语”与其后的“过去分词”之间为被动关系。,recognized,16. Mrs. White showed her students some old maps _ (borrow) from the library. (2010全国卷I),16. borrowed。因maps与borrow之间为被动关系；再根据句意，地图是“已经”借来了，所以用过去分词作定语。,borrowed,17. Though _ (surprise) to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome. (2010全国卷II),17. surprised。因the professor与surprise是被动关系，故用“连词+过去分词”作状语。,surprised,18. _ (see) from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. (2010陕西卷),18. Seen。由于the south foot与see之间为被动关系，故要选过去分词作状语。,Seen,19. The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already _(lay) for a meal to be cooked. (2010山东卷),19. laid。短语lay a table的意思是“摆桌子”，因句中的table与动词lay之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。,laid,20. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _(carry) out regularly, can improve our health. (2010浙江卷),20. carried。由于exercise(锻炼) 与carry out(进行，执行) 之间为被动关系，故用“连词+过去分词”作状语，if carried out regularly相当于if it is carried out regularly。,carried,21. A great number of students _ (question) said they were forced to practice the piano. (2010四川卷),21. questioned。由于students与question(提问，询问) 之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。,questioned,22. Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues _(amuse) with her stories. (2010上海卷),22. amused。意思是Lucy让他的同事“感到愉快”，表示人“感到愉快”，用-ed形式作宾补(相当于形容词作宾补的)，故填amused。,amused,23. He had a wonderful childhood, _(travel) with his mother to all corners of the world. (2010安徽卷),23. traveling。因he与travel是主动关系，故用现在分词短语traveling with his mother作状语，表示原因。,traveling,24. _(look) at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes. (2010北京卷),24. Looking。因I与look是主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。,Looking,25. Listen! Do you hear someone _(call) for help? (2010湖南卷),25. calling。由listen可知，动作正在进行，表示“听见某人在做某事”，用hear sb doing sth句型。,calling,26. It rained heavily in the south, _ (cause) serious flooding in several provinces. (2010天津卷),26. causing。 “引起严重水灾”是“下大雨”的自然结果，作结果状语，用现在分词作状语。causing与which caused相当。,causing,27. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. (2010浙江卷),27. weighing。因young children与weigh是主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。句中介词短语under和现在分词短语weighing一起作定语，修饰young children。,weighing,28. Almost 33 ( freeze), the old man could not get off the ground. (2010深圳一模),28. frozen。因句子主语the old man与freeze(冻僵)是被动关系，故用过去分词作原因状语。,frozen,29. A pick-up truck passed us on the road and, a few minutes later, I saw it 33 (pull) back and the driver looking directly at us. (2010广州期末),29. pulling。因it与pull在这是主动关系，用现在分词作宾补，即see sb./sth. doing sth.句型。,pulling,30. It was a presidential talk 33 (deliver) at a time of economic uncertainty for many American families. (2010揭阳二模),30. delivered。过去分词作后置定语。,delivered,Thank you!,一、单句填空：用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. _ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old. (全国) 2. Eugenes never willing to alter any of his opinions. Its no use _(argue) with him. (上海) 3. Please remain _(seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon. (辽宁) 4. Can I smoke here? Sorry. We dont allow _(smoke) here. (江苏),Walking,arguing,seated,smoking,5. It is difficult to imagine his _ (accept) the decision without any consideration. (陕西) 6. I cant stand _(work) with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _(stop) talking while she works. (北京) 7. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need _ (repair). (陕西) 8. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _ (live) alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home. (湖南),accepting,to stop,working,to be repaired,living,9. Robert is indeed a wise man. Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _(not take) his advice! (安徽) 10. If you think that treating a woman well means always _ (get) her permission for things, think again. (湖南) 11. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _(open and close) could be heard outside the classroom. (全国) 12. They are quiet, arent they? Yes. They are accustomed to _ (not talk) at meals. (江苏),not taking,getting,being opened and closed,not talking,13. Isnt it time you got down to _ (mark) the papers? (重庆) 14. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _ (set) up some schools for poor children. (上海) 15. She looks forward every spring to _ (walk) in the flower-lined garden. (上海) 16. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time _ (pass) the exam. (福建),marking,setting,walking,passing,17. According to a recent U.S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week _ (watch) TV. (上海) 18. I believe thats the best way to prevent such a thing from _ (happen) again. (全国) 19. Did you have trouble in_ (find) the post office? (全国) 20. Sandy could do nothing but _ (admit) to his teacher that he was wrong. (上海),watching,happening,finding,admit,21. I smell something _ (burn) in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? (全国) 22. Dont leave the water _ (run) while you brush your teeth. (天津) 23. It was so cold that they kept the fire _ (burn) all night. (全国) 24. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ (carry) out the next year. (全国),burning,running,burning,carried out,25. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _ (speak) as much as we can. (江苏) 26. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _(interest) in his lectures. (江苏) 27. Energy drinks are not allowed _ (make) in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. (上海) 28. My advisor encouraged me _(take) a summer course to improve my writing skills. (北京),spoken,interested,to be made,to take,29. My parents have always made me _ (feel) good about myself, even when I was twelve. (江苏) 30. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ (grow) up from childhood. (全国) 31. The mother felt herself _ (grow) cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield. (上海) 32. Paul doesnt have to be made _ (learn). He always works hard. (全国),feel,grow,grow,to learn,33. Come on, please give me some ideas about the project. Sorry. With so much work _ (fill) my mind, I almost break down. (福建) 34. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _ (finish), he gladly accepted it. (安徽) 35. With a lot of difficult problems _ (set), the newly-elected president is having a hard time. (上海) 36. The director had her assistant _ (pick) up some hot dogs for the meeting. (全国),filling,finished,to settle,pick,37. Did Peter fix the computer himself? He had it _(fix), because he doesnt know much about computers. (安徽) 38. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _ (improve) in a short period. (福建) 39. Helen had to shout to make herself _ (hear) above the sound of the music. (广西) 40. Peter received a letter just now _ (say) his grandma would come to see him soon. (四川),fixed,improved,heard,saying,41. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _ (move), and asked myself what I was going to do. (湖南) 42. _(walk) in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring. (安徽) 43. _ (wait) in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car. (福建) 44. _ (blame) for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. (福建),moving,Walking,Having waited,Blamed,45. He hurried to the booking office only _ (tell) that all the tickets had been sold out. (陕西) 46. European football is played in 80 countries, _ (make) it the most popular sport in the world. (全国) 47. You were silly not _(lock) your car. (湖南) 48. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _(breathe). (宁夏),to be told,making,to have locked,to breathe,49. _ (complete) the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day. (湖南) 50. When _ (ask) why he went there, he said he was sent there to be trained for a space flight. (江西) 51. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _(water) every day. (四川) 52. When _(compare) different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (浙江),To complete,asked,watered,comparing,53. The last one _(arrive) pays the meal. Agree! (全国) 54. Th