attributiveclause全.ppt

The Attributive Clause,周子君 芷江一中,一、概念 定语从句就是在一个复合句中修饰前面的名词和代词的从句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。 二、引导词： 定语从句是由关系代词：that, which, who, whom，whose , as 引导； 或关系副词：when,where,why 引导。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词被称作先行词。,三、代词tha/whicht的用法 that既可指人又可指物，指人时用who/whom代替，在定语从句作主语，宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。which指物，在定语从句中作主语，宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。例如： 1. Is she the girl that sells newspaper？ That指人，在句中作主语，可用who代替，不可省略） 2. Where is the ice-cream that I put in the fridge yesterday ？ That指物，在句中作宾语，可用which代替，可以省略）,（一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法： Who指人，主格， 在从句中作主语或宾语, 可用that代替 Whom 指人，宾格，在从句中作宾语, 在非正式英语可用that /who 代替，并可省略. whose一般指人，有时亦可代替物，所有格，在定语从句作定语，不可以省略。 1. An architect （建筑师）is a person who/that designs building. ( Who指人，主格， 在从句中作主语, 可用that代替 ),2. The woman whom/that /who you met yesterday is our new maths teacher. Whom 指人，who的宾格，在从句中作宾语, 在非正式英语可用that /whom 代替，并可省略。 3. Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? whose一般指人，亦可指物，是who的所有格，在定语从句作定语，不可以省略。 注意：whose 指物时可用：the +n.+of which 或者of which + the +n. 代替 .,1. Look out! Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair, its dangerous . A. whose B. which C. of which D. that 2. He lives in a hotel, _ is only five minutes walk from here. A. that B. which C. in which D. where,A,B, that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。,I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.,Ive read all the books that are not mine.,This is the first book (that) he has read.,This is the very book that belongs to him.,(1) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时。,(2)先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等 修饰时。,(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。,(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。,(5) 先行词是who/what /which 开头的句子。 Who is the girl that drove the car? Who that broke the window will be punished. 主句以There be 引导时，先行词是物时。 There are 200 dollars that we left in our pocket. (7) 当先行词在主句中作表语時，关系代词用that 在从句中也作表语. She isnt the girl that she was 10 years ago., 但在下列情况下, 一般只用which而不用that。 a.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that作连接词。 Helon is kind to her youngest son , which of course ,makes the others envy（嫉妒）him. b.从句紧跟在介词之后，即用介词+疑问词共同充当连接词. My father bought this house ，in which he once lived.,以下情况中，定语从句只用who ,不用that 1.先行词是one, ones或anyone时;先行词为those 或被those修饰，指人时。如： One who does not work hard will never succeed. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.,2.在there be的句子中，先行词为人时。如： There is a comrade outside who wants to see you. 3.在非限制性定语从句中，先行词且指人时，作主语用who，作宾语用whom。如； I met a friend of mine in the street yesterday, who had just come from America. I met a friend of mine in the street yesterday, whom I got to know twenty years ago. 4.定语从句中有插入语时, 且先行词为人时。如： Jackson is a man who I believe is honest.,1. Mary lives in the room, the door _ opens east. A. of it B. of which C. of that D. whose 2. The engineer _ my father is talking has just come from abroad. with whom B. with who C. with which D. that 3. Football, _ is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. A. that B. which C. it D. who,B,A,B,B,6. This is the best hotel in the city _ I know. A. which B. that C. where D. it,4. Is there anyone in your class _ family is in the city? A. which B. whose C. what D. who,B,5. Those _ were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes. A. who B. that C. which D. whose,A,四、关系副词when, where, why A. 关系副词when代替的先行词,表示的是时间 when在定语从句作时间状语。 注意：when可以用on/in /at which 代替 。 如： 1. In Beijing， July and August are the months when/in which it rains very often. 2. Do you remember the day when /on which we first went to the Summer Palace.,1. I havent seen her since the year _I left Tokyo. A. on which B. when C. where D. why 2. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer _ it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that,B,A,B. 关系副词where代替的先行词, 表示的是地点. where在定语从句作地点状语。 注意：where可以用on/in /at which 代替。 如： During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where / in which I was brought up. This is the farm where / on which I was born from early age.,1. If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. A. that. B. in which C. when D. where 2. This is the place _Li Bai once visited . A. that/which B .who C. when D. where,D,A,请填入适当的关系副词： 1.I wont forget the time_I got married. 2.This is the place _we had a good time. 3.Is this the house _Mr Smith visited last summer ? 4.Do you know the reason_he didnt come to sweep the classroom? 5. He got himself into a dangerous situation _ hes likely to lose control of the plane.,when,where,that/which,why,where,C. 关系副词why代替的先行词reason,表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。 注意：why可以用for which 代替。如： 1. The reason why / for which I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got the e-mail. 2. This is the reasonwhy / for which he came late to school.,1. Winter is the time of year _ the days are short and nights are long. A. that B. which C. when D. whose,2. The reason _ he expressed to us is known to everybody . A. that B. which C. when D. why 3. The reason _ I dont know about the this is _I was not there at that time. A. why/ that B. why/ which C. when/that D. why/ whose,C,B,A,四、限制性定语从句和非制性定语从句 1）限制性定语从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系很密切，若缺少，句意则不完整，故从句前不用逗号隔开； 非限制性定语从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系不太密切，若缺少，句意则仍完整，故从句前一般都用逗号隔开。试比较以下两组句子： The water which has been polluted by the factory is not fit to drink. Water, which is a clear liquid, is widely used in our everyday life.,2) 当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的， Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.,3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，如： 1.He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 2. As is often the case , everybody dreams to earn much money and live a better life . 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 在非限制性的定语从句中，当先行词是指人时，主语只能用who ，宾语只能用whom，并且作宾语的whom，不可以省略。,1.His brother who is nineteen years old is serving inthe army now. （表明他不只一个哥哥） 2.His brother, who is nineteen years old, is serving in the army now. （表明他只有一个哥哥）,4）限制性定语从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系很密切，若缺少，句意则不完整，故从句前不用逗号隔开； 非限制性定语从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系不太密切，若缺少，句意则仍完整，故从句前一般都用逗号隔开。试比较以下两组句子：,五、特殊的关系代词as引导的定语从句: （一）As限制性定语从句时，常用在固定搭 配asas, soas, suchas, the same as中。如： 1. You may take as many books as you want. 2. Licy bought the same hat as I bought yesterday. 3. I have got such a computer as you have.,（二）AS引导的非限制性从句时，可用于主句的 前面，后面，有时还可以插在主句中间。 意思是：“正如” 1. As we know/As is known to us，the earth turns around the sun once a year . 2. China is a developping country , as every body knows/ as isknown to us all. 3. Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable（不可分割的） part of China. 注意：As we know和 As is known to us均为定 语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代前面或后面 的主句。,1. Which引导的从句与主句关系较密切，通常放在主句之后； 而as引导的从句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。 2. Which既可代指先行词，又可代指整个主句的内容。相当于“and this” or “ and that”. 译为“这一点”。 而as 则只能代指整个主句的内容。译为“正如那样”，且常用于一些固定结构中。如：as is known, as is said, as is reported, as is often the case, as is expected.,（三）As 和which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：,Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light. My son now goes to the school, which I used to go when I was a child. As is reported, China has become an important country in the world. Einstein, as is known, is a famous scientist. He didnt come to attend the meeting, as is expected.,（四）as和 that 的辨析 1）that和as都可引导定语从句。As引导的限制性定语从句 时，常用于固定搭配中; as引导非限制的定语从句时，则表 示“正如那样”，与先行词是 “同类但不同物”的关系； 2）that 不可引导非限制性定语从句, that引导限制性的定语 从句时，与先行词是“同类且同物”的关系。 3）that 还可以用于的结果状语从句中，表达“以致于”，引 导结果状语从句时，that不作成分，句子完整。 Tom wears the same pants as Peter wears. I found out the pen that I lost a few days ago . My little brother studies so hard that every teacher loves her very much,The Beatles, _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool （利物浦）. A. who B. whom C.that D. as 2：_is often the case, we have to work out the production plan ourseve. A. Which B. When C. What D.AS 3.These houses are sold at such a low price _ they are expected to . A. which B. when C. that D.as,B,D,D,1. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected. 2. Here is so big a stone_ no one can lift. Here is so big a stone _no one can lift it. 3 . Can machines perform the same tasks _? A. that man does B. what man does C. must be understood D. as man does,as,as,that,D,六、“介词+关系代词”开头的定语从句 关系代词只能用which或whom, 且关系代词不能省略。 (一)“介词+关系代词”的种类 1、介词+which/whom I have found the book from which we learnt a lot. I live in a hotel, in front of which is Tiananmen Square. 2、 代词/数词+介词+which/whom,表整体和部分的关系 He has two sons, both of whom work as actors. He kept ten dogs, eight of which were over five years.,3. the +形容词/名词+介词+which/whom China has thousands of islands , the largest of which is Taiwan. This is the house, the window of which was broken yesterday. 4. 介词+whose +名词 The boy was staying in the room through whose window he could climb down.,（二）介词的选择问题,根据从句中动词或形容词与介词的固定搭配。 Have you found the book on which I spent 29 yuan? They talked about things in which they were interested. 2. 根据从句所修饰的先行词来确定介词。 This is the house, in which Chairman Mao was born. We will never forget the day on which I joined the army. The reason for which I called is to invite you to a party.,3.根据从句的动词与先行词的混合搭配来选择。 This is the student from whom I borrowed a computer. This is the student with whom I came to the village. 4. 有些固定的含有介词的动词短语一般不能拆开。如：look after, look for, take care of, depend on, listen to, take apart, look forward to 等 The babies (whom/that/who) the nurses are looking after are very healthy.,七、关系代词和关系副词的选择问题 方法一：看前面的先行词是人还是物 1. 若前面的先行词是物, 则选择that/which 。（ that/which在从句可以做主语，宾语和表语，作宾语时还可以省略。) 2. 若前面的先行词是人，则选择who/whom/that . （who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom只作宾语， 在当代英语中，who/whom可用that代替。作宾语时可以省略。 whose在从句中作定语。修饰人也可修饰物，相当于of whom / which. 先行词是人，用of whom ，先行词是物，用of which ),方法二：看关系词在从句中做什么成份 若关系词在从句中作主语，宾语或表语/定语，选择关系代词that/which/who/ whom/whose ；若关系词在从句中作状语，则选择关系副词when/where/why . This is the mountain village that /which I visited last year. This is the mountain village where/ in which I stayed last year.,1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句 中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系 副词 ( where ，when ，why ) 。,D,A,1. Ill never forget the days _ I worked together with you. 2. This is the mountain village _I visited last year. 3. I will never forget the days _ I spent in the countryside.,when,Which/that,Which/that,4. They rushed over to help the man _ car had broken down. 5. Please pass me the book _cover is green A. whom B. whose C. where D. of which,whose,B,1. I have missed the last train to my direction , _ means I must wait for another two days . A. who B. that C. as D. which。 2. I have many friends, some _ are businessmen. A. of them B. from which C. of who D. of whom,D,D,3. Winter is the time of year， _ the days are short and nights are long. A. that B. which C. when D. whose 4. Football, _ is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. A.that B. which C. it D. who 5. My father bought me several books, _ was interesting. A. most of them B. none of whom C. none of which D. neither of which,C,B,C,九、隔离式定语从句 定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词 之后。有时候，定语从句与先行词之间插入了其 他的短语，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的定 语从句被称作隔离式定语从句。如： 1. There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad. 2. The factory produced half a million of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that,十、.定语从句中的主谓一致现象 在定语从句中，当关系代词that/which/who作 从句主语时，从句的谓语动词要与它所修饰的先 行词一致，但是先行词被the only one of /the very one of 修饰时，从句要用单数谓语。 1.The boy who _ standing at the door is my son. 2.This is one of the best books that _ ever been written on the subject. 3.This is the only one of the best books that _ ever been written on the subject,is,have,has,十一、先行词和关系词二合一 现象 有些不定代词，像what/whatever/ who/whoever , 相当于先行词和关系代词的统一。 如： what = all that / the thing that /which who= the person who/that whatever=anything that whoever =everybody /everyone who/that,1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever =anybody who ） 2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. （what =all /everything that） 3）Whatever you want makes no difference to me.