lecture01词义的选择.ppt

第一讲 词义的选择 Diction in translation,I. Definition of “diction”,变换用词,重复是汉语的一大特点，同一词汇或词组可以在文中反复出现，以求准确或有力。如： 沉默啊，沉默，不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 英语是形合性语言，它有连词等语言形式手段来保证句子的意思的连贯，这样它就可以不断地追求词语的变化，而不一味地重复。一般来说，除非特意强调或出于修辞的需要，英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。讲英语的人对于随意重复相同音节词语或句式往往感到厌烦。 鉴于汉英两种语言在这方面的差异，译者应采取相应的措施。单其昌指出:英译文中不要总是用同一个词汇或短语，如果用得太多，会使读者感到厌烦，因此用词要多样化。,世界要和平，人民要合作，国家要发展，社会要进步，是时代的潮流。 The world needs peace. The people want cooperation. Nations aspire for development. Society seeks progress. This is the trend of our times. （一个世纪以来，中国人民在前进的道上经历了三次巨大变化。） 第一次是辛亥革命， 第二次是中华人民共和国的成立， 第三次是改革开放。 The first change was represented by the Revolution of 1911 The second change was marked by the founding of the Peoples Republic of China The third change was featured by the reform and opening,在改善物质生活的同时，充实精神生活。 While improving the peoples material well-being, we shall enrich their cultural life. 不同的文体所用得语言是不同的。政治性文章与科技文章不同，新闻报道与文学作品不同，写的文章与嘴上讲话不同。 The language varies from genre to genre: a political essay differs from technical writing, a news report is not the same as a literary work, a written article is quite different from oral speech.,A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbors. 说一个人自私自利，并非因为他只图自己的利益，而是因为他不顾别人的利益。 Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. 野心不仅是罪恶德尔根源，也是毁灭的根源。 Work with, and not against, nature. 要顺应自然工作，不要违反自然工作。 Reading exercises ones eyes; speaking, ones tongue; while writing, ones mind. 阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人德尔口齿，写作训练人的思维。,总体说来，在英汉翻译中要真正准确地理解英语词语的意义，往往要从以下四个方面入手： （1）根据上下文进行判断； （2）根据搭配来进行判断； （3）根据语法形式来进行判断； （4）根据词在句中的词类来进行判断。,1 Distinguish the original meaning of an English word by means of context 根据上下文进行判断；,This war is becoming the most important story of his generation. 这场战争行将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。 It is quite another story now. 现在的情况完全不同了。 Hell be very happy if that story holds up. 如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。,The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest. 丽泰海华丝的遭遇算最惨的了。 Tell me the story of what happened to you. 告诉我发生在你身上的一切事情。 The story of the opera was printed in the program. 这曲戏的故事情节印在了节目单上。,事：matter, thing, affair, business, ect.,区区小事，何足挂齿。 这不关你的事。 遇事和大家商量。 你把事情看得太严重了。 这决不是轻而易举的事。 我有一件你想不到的事告诉你 不要忙于小事而忽略大事 各国的事务应当各国人民自己来管理 什么事也难不倒共产党员,Such a triffle is not worth mentioning. Its none of your business. Consult the masses when problems arise. You take things too seriously. Its certainly no easy job. I have a surprise for you. Dont immerse yourself in minor matters to the neglect of major ones. The affairs of each country should be managed by its own country. No difficulty can daunt a communist.,He went away before I could reply. 还没来得及回答，他便离开了 Dont count your chicken before they are hatched. 小鸡尚未孵出，不可记数 It was not long before he came. 他不久便来了 I had not gone a mile before I felt tired. 还没有走到一英里，我就疲惫了,I would rather die before I give in. 我宁死也不愿屈服 It wont be long before imperialism came to its end. 帝国主义的末日就要来临了 Scientists say it may be five or ten years before it is possible to test this medicine on human body. 科学家说这种药需要年的时间才能在人体上实验,Words failed me here because I was too excited. 我激动得说不出话来（ disappoint ) Our youth never fail an invincible courage. 我们年轻人从不缺乏大无畏精神( be not enough ) Our food and water will soon fail us. 我们的食物和饮用水快没了( be not enough ) His friend failed him when he needed them most. 当他最需要朋友的时候，他们都令他失望 ( disappoint ) The sick woman is failing quickly. 这个女病人身体迅速衰弱下去( become weak ),He is otherwise engaged. I hate him and I wont pretend otherwise. He is guilty until proved otherwise. You evidently think otherwise. He is rich, but otherwise an unhappy man. mothers, whether married or otherwise,他另外有事 我恨他，而且我不假装不恨他 在被证明无罪之前，他是有罪的 你显然另有想法 他很富有，但并不幸福 无论是已婚母亲还是未婚母亲,reduce to : 1) to bring sb. / sth. into a worse state or condition 2) to force sb. into doing sth. humble, unpleasant, or dishonourable,She was reduced to begging in the street. The sound argument reduced him to utter silence. The terrible disease reduced him to skins and bones. The building was reduced to ashes overnight. We were reduced to despair.,她沦落到街头乞讨 有力的雄辩使他哑口无言 可怕的疾病把他折磨得骨瘦如柴 大厦一夜间化为灰烬 我们陷入绝望之中,上下文也就是语境有时甚至使相同的词语具有或褒或贬的含义，如：,I dont like her. She is tall and thin and moves like a crane. 我不喜欢她。她个儿太高，瘦骨嶙峋，走起路来像只大鹤。 I do like her. She is tall and thin and moves like a crane. 我很喜欢她。她身材高挑，颇具骨感，走起路来如仙鹤一般飘逸。,What makes corruption so endemic in that country?,在那个国家，是什么使腐败如此蔚然成风？ 为什么腐败在那个国家如此盛行？ 是什么造成了那个国家的腐败如此普遍？ 为什么那个国家的腐败现象如此严重？,The secret of life is to happy with what you have. 生活的秘诀在于满足于已经拥有的东西。 生活的秘诀在于知足常乐。 The secret of life is to be happy with what you have, so make sure that you have what you want. 生活的秘诀在于先行拥有才谈得上幸福，因此要确保想要什么就有什么。,他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论 They preach idealism while we advocate materialism. Preach: 鼓吹，宣扬 Advocate: 提倡，倡导,2. Distinguish the original meaning of an English word by means of collocation （根据搭配来确定词义),delicate skin delicate porcelain delicate upbringing delicate health delicate living delicate stomach delicate diplomatic question delicate difference delicate surgical operation delicate ear for music delicate sense of smell delicate touch delicate food,娇嫩的皮肤 精致的瓷器 娇生惯养 虚弱的身体 奢侈的生活 肠胃不适 敏感的外交问题 微妙的区别 高难度的外科手术 对音乐很有鉴赏力 灵敏的嗅觉 生花妙笔 精致可口的食物,It was a good dinner. He is a good chess player. She speaks good English. I have done a good days work. It was a girl with good manners. The young brother wants to have the good half of the bread.,丰盛的晚餐 棋艺高超 流利的 整整的 举止得体 一大半,高龄 高寿 高空 高僧 高见 高才生 高调,Advanced age, venerable age Long life , longevity High altitude Eminent monk Brilliant idea An outstanding student High-standing words,浓茶 浓烟 浓墨 浓妆 浓饮料 浓眉大眼 兴趣很浓 发展经济 发展事业 发展体育运动 发展新党员,Strong tea Dense smoke Thick ink Heavy make-up Robust drink Heavy features Keen (strong )interest Develop the economy Expand ones business Promote physical culture Recruit new Party member,A heavy blow A heavy eater Heavy food A heavy fire A heavy heart A heavy sea A heavy sky A heavy style A heavy thinker A heavy road A heavy make-up,沉重的打击 食量大的人 难消化的食物 猛烈的炮火 沉重的心情 波涛汹涌的海面 阴沉的天气 枯燥冗长的文体 深邃的思想家 崎岖的路 浓妆,1. 别把机器搞坏了 2. 把身体搞坏 3. 这个小厂是由几个家庭妇女搞起来的 4. 搞阴谋诡计的人注定要失败 5. 搞副业生产 6. 搞计划生育 7. 把事情搞糟了,Dont break the machine. spoil ( impair ) ones health The small factory was started by a few housewives. Those who go in for intrigues and conspiracy are doomed to failure. engage in sideline production carry on family planning make a mess of something,He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom. 我们又一次领受到了他那广博的知识；丰富的经验和无穷的智慧 In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants. 在中国我们每到一个城市就遛大街，逛商店，游公园，上剧院，下饭馆,3Distinguish the original meaning of an English word by means of syntax （从词的语法形式判断）,agreement 同意 an agreement 协定 people 人民 a people 民族 hostility 敌意 hostilities 战争 use 使用 uses 用途,The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who apply. (不可数名词：地方，可数名词：名额） 为什么？因为大学的医学院只能为一半申请攻读学位的人提供名额,A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men. 友谊，友情， 陪伴,我们往往可以从一个人所交往的朋友以及所阅读的书去看他的为人这是因为人与人之间有友谊，同样的，人与书也就有书谊人们应该经常生活在与最好的书以及最好的人的友谊之中,There is a definite link between smoking and lung cancer. But this doesnt make you too comfortable because you are in good company. （可数名词：公司，不可数名词：友谊，友情，陪伴） 吸烟肯定与肺癌有关系，但这并不能使你感到太不舒服，因为吸烟的人不止你一个,Hostilities have broken out between the two countries. 两国间爆发了战争 No war has ever started with such a victory for one side at the very beginning of the hostilities. 从未有一场战争在一开始一方就取得了如此巨大的胜利,4. Distinguish the original meaning of an English word by means of its part of speech （根据词在句中的词类来进行判断）,The new tall building dwarfs all the little shops. 高耸的新式建筑使小店铺显得小了 With over 1.2 billion people, a united, a prosperous China will dwarf her Asian neighbors.,The union had very little say in the new pay agreement.,The pole-vaulter bettered the world record by six inches.,抽象名词具体化,由于英语和汉语分属不同的语系，所以英汉词汇之间往往没有固定的词义对应关系，这就给英汉文字转换留下了很大的演绎和选择余地。英语使用抽象名词的频率要比汉语高得多，在将这些抽象名词翻译成汉语时，往往需要吃透其全部含义，将它们具体化才符合汉语的表达习惯。,1. 增加范畴词 在英语抽象名词直译之后，再增加一个比较具体的词语予以具体化，可以是范畴词（如化，性，感等），也可以是引申为具体指代的事物，即化虚为实的演绎和解释。如： abstraction 抽象化 commercialization 商业化 backwardness 落后状态 preparation 准备工作 transition 演变过程 processing 加工方法,If you dont drink sufficient water, you can impair every aspect of you physiology. 如果你饮水不足，你的生理机能的每一部分都有可能受损害。 Wherever they occur, inefficiency and waste must be attacked and non-essential projects be brought swiftly to an end. 无论在哪里，只要出现低效率和浪费现象，都必须一概加以反对。同时，一些非必须的项目也要迅速下马。,2. 结合上下文具体化 这种译法比较灵活，如settlement固然是“解决（问题）”，但在具体的上下文中更有可能译成“达成某项协议”。 There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems, more than transient everydayness. 他们的生活远不止那些政治的社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。,II. Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level,(1) Full correspondence or word-for-word correspondence in the target language (完全对应) Proper nouns of places, names, organizations and so on, and technical terms are often translated word-for-word or given full correspondence in translation because their meanings are equivalent at every level. For example: Marxism = 马克思主义 aspirin = 阿司匹林 the United Nations = 联合国 the Pacific Ocean = 太平洋 激光 = laser 白血病 = leukemia,(2) One word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning in the target language （原文中的某个词语在译文当中有多种对应的词语） wife: 妻子、爱人、夫人、太太、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人、贱内、拙荆 potato: 马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋 人: human being, man, people, person, human, fellow, individual, soul 犬： dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier,III. “False equivalents” in translation,pull ones leg eat ones words wash ones hands of something make ones hair stand on end get a kick out of something childs play Lock the stable/barn door after the horse is stolen.,试译下列各句，注意根据上下文及搭配关系来确定斜体词的词义：,He is ill; that accounts for his absence. 他病了，这就是他缺席的原因 In this battle he accounted for five of the en