lectures19-21不定式与动名词的补充-第六章.ppt

English Grammar,School of Foreign Languages Lishui University,Tutor: Chai Yangyu Dates and times of course: Thursday,Classes: 英语教育本科061、062班,Good morning!,Good morning!,Supplements of lectures19-21,6-1不定式和动名词短语都可以作主语和主语补语,不定式和动名词短语都可以作主语,有时没有显著的区别（a）。 a) Reading/To read widely is essential to language learning. 大量阅读对语言学习十分重要。 一般说来，若指具体的一时一事，特别是未来的动作，多用不定式（） 表示抽象的一般的行为，多用动名词（） b)To ignore his advice would be a mistake. 忽视他的劝告是错误的。 c)Selling insurance is a pretty boring job.推销保险单是件十分令人厌烦的工作。,6-1不定式和动名词短语都可以作主语和主语补语,注意，若句中的补语用了动名词，主语也用动名词；补语用了不定式，主语也要用不定式（） d)To know her is to like her. 一旦熟悉了她，就会喜欢她。 不定式短语作主语时，常常置于句末，在句首用先行主语it（e） 动名词短语作主语时，多置于句首，但有时也可用先行主语it (f). e)It surprised me to hear she was leaving.听到她要走，我很惊讶。 f)It is foolish behaving like that.那样的行为很愚蠢。,6-1不定式和动名词短语都可以作主语和主语补语,注意，在it is no good/use, it is a waste of time/effort, it is worthwhile等结构中，后面通常要用动名词短语(g). g)Its no good hoping for their help.盼望他们的帮助没有用。 许多动名词已经名词化了，它们像其他名词一样可以被限定词、形容词或另一个名词所修饰（h, i） h)Does slow talking point to slow mental development?说话慢意味着智力发展迟缓吗？ i)Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health.吸烟危害健康。,6-1不定式和动名词短语都可以作主语和主语补语,注意，动名词带有冠词后，不直接跟宾语，如不可以the writing the letter,而要说the writing of the letter(j) j)The writing of the letter took me three hours.写那封信用了我3小时。 某些动名词短语可在there be 结构中作主语（k, l） 要记住这类结构只用于否定句。如不能说：there is denying, there is mistaking等。 k)There is no denying that he is right.不否认他是正确的。 l)There was no mistaking the satisfaction in his voice.他说话时流露的满意心情，人人都听得出来。,6-1不定式和动名词短语都可以作主语和主语补语,不定式和动名词短语都可在系动词后作补语，使用情况与作主语时一样（m）。 m)The important thing is to save/saving lives.要紧是救人。 一般说来，提及某人的建议、意愿、目的等时，多用不定式（n）。 n)Her wish is to become a pop singer.若抽象地表示某种行为，如在answer, concern, danger, difficulty, habit, mistake等后，多用动名词(o)。 o)One of his bad habits is biting his nails.,6-1不定式和动名词短语都可以作主语和主语补语,不定式作补语的时候，如果主语部分是含有动词do的从句，不定式可以不带to(p, q) p)What it does is (to) cool the engine.它的作用是使发动机冷却。 q)The thing to do now is (to)clear up the mess.现在要做的事是把脏东西清理掉。,EXERCISE 6-1,Complete the following sentences by using an infinitive or a gerund. Use the verbs suggested in brackets. 1.Its our intention_(become)the number one distributor of health products in the UK 2.What a fire door does is_(delay)the spread of a fire long enough for people to get out. 3.There was no_(know)what he could do .He might get a job tomorrow or he might stay out of work for weeks 4.Its worthwhile_(take)the trouble to explain a job fully to new employees.,EXERCISE 6-1,Complete the following sentences by using an infinitive or a gerund. Use the verbs suggested in brackets. 1.Its our intention_(become)the number one distributor of health products in the UK 2.What a fire door does is_(delay)the spread of a fire long enough for people to get out. 3.There was no_(know)what he could do .He might get a job tomorrow or he might stay out of work for weeks 4.Its worthwhile_(take)the trouble to explain a job fully to new employees.,EXERCISE 6-1,5.Such activities help them to learn that_(be)flexible doesnt mean that they have to lose control. 6.We have come so far in our program of reorganization that there can be no_(turn)back. 7.Its a waste of time_(think)about how things might have been. 8.The authors purpose in writing the book is_(draw)attention to the problem of Maoris in New Zealand.,EXERCISE 6-1,9._(understand)how a planet generates and gets rid of its heat is essential if we are to understand how the planet works. 10.The least I can do is _(drive)everybody else closer to the issue. 11.Its no good _(argue) with him because he doesnt like admitting that he is in the wrong . 12.Better_(train)was one of the big challenges of the 1990s. 13.England is my home, theres no _(question)that ,but there doesnt seem to be any work for me there .,EXERCISE 6-1,14._(water)the lawn turned out to be a waste of effort as it rained immediately afterwards. 15.Once let this fellow start talking ,there was no_(stop)him 16.All you have to do is _(choose)five companies to invest in. 17._(get) the ship back into full working order would mean spending huge amounts of money. 18.Well, Ive put on weight again ._(take)it off would be no easy job .,EXERCISE 6-1,19.My mistake was _(think)that public servants couldnt be dishonest. 20.Part of my job as the Presidents secretary is_(help)organize conferences and keep him informed . 21.The main danger is _(slip)in the mud as workers pick their rain-soaked way from one workshop to next. 22.I told him a couple of rumors that Id heard and his response was _(roar)with laughter and later _(tell)other friend.,Keys: exs 6-1,1. to become 2. (to) delay 3. knowing 4. taking 5. being 6. turning 7. thinking 8. to draw 9. Understanding 10. (to) drive 11. arguing 12. training 13. questioning 14. Watering 15. stopping 16. (to) choose 17. To get 18. To take 19. thinking 20. to help 21. slipping 22. to roar, tell,6-2只与不定式连用或只与动名词连用的动词,不定式和动名词短语都可作动词的宾语，但并不是说可以任意选择。有的动名词后要求由不定式短语作宾语，常见的有：ache, afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, care, choose, claim, consent, dare, decide, demand, deserve（应受）, desire, endeavor, expect, fail, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, need, neglect, offer, pledge, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, swear, tend, threaten, venture, volunteer, wait, want, wish.等(a-f)。,6-2只与不定式连用或只与动名词连用的动词,注意，care通常用于否定句或疑问句（a, e）.help后的不定式可以不带to(f)。 a)Would you care to visit us this weekend? 你愿意本周末到我们这儿来玩吗？ b)He chose not to go home until later . 决定晚点儿回家。 c)They sought to punish him for his crime.试图治他的罪。 d)The manager desires to see you . 希望见你。 e)Would you care to go for a walk? 你愿意 ？ f)He often helps (to)do the washing-up after supper,6-2只与不定式连用或只与动名词连用的动词,有的动词只和动名词连用，常见的有：acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, allow, anticipate, avoid, cant, help, cant stand, complete, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, discuss, eave off , mention, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, put off, recall=recollect, recommend, resent, resist, risk, stand, stop*, suggest等 （g-k）.,6-2只与不定式连用或只与动名词连用的动词,g)My mother dislikes seeing you with me. h)The law forbids building on this land. i)We dont allow smoking in our house. j)He could hardly resist laughing. k)Fancy never having seen the sea! 竟然从没见过大海！,6-2只与不定式连用或只与动名词连用的动词,*stop作不及物动词可与动词不定式连用作状语，意思是“停下来做另一件事”。比较： He stopped smoking on his doctors advice. Every hour he stopped to smoke a cigarette.每隔一小时他停下来吸一支烟。 不及物动词go常与一些表示运动或休闲的动词如angling(钓鱼), boating, bowling, canoeing, caravanning(组队旅行), mountaineering(登山), sightseeing, surfing, yachting（乘游艇）等以及shopping连用表示进行某项活动(l-n)。,6-2只与不定式连用或只与动名词连用的动词,l)We go boating on the lake every weekend . m)We went caravanning round France.我们乘“车拖旅行房”周游法国。 n)I went shopping today in town . 这些-ing形式并非都有相应的动词或很少单独用作动词，虽然大多可用作现在分词：He fell into the lake while boating with a girl friend. 而动词burst out 则可与crying, laughing, singing等连用（o, p）. o)They burst out laughing.他们突然哈哈大笑。 p)With warning she burst out crying.她突然哭了起来。,EXERCISE6-2,Complete the following sentences by using an infinitive or a gerund. Use the verbs suggested in brackets. 1)I dont think Ill be able to stand_(share)an office with Barbara. 2)You neednt bother_(call)at the shop .I have arranged _(pick up )the goods myself. 3）It is difficult to see how the company can avoid_(make) another loss this year . 4)I wish you wouldnt keep_(tell)me what I already know all too well,EXERCISE6-2,5)Do you think the firm will offer_(repair)the damage caused by one of their employees? 6)The contractors paid a heavy penalty for failing_(complete)the building on time. 7)Everyone thought about the joke for a couple of seconds, then burst out_ (laugh). 8)Its awful, but I couldnt help_(laugh)at her as she fell into the water. 9)The drought has helped_(make)this a disastrous year for Somalia,EXERCISE6-2,10)Even our meteorologists have given up_(try) to predict the weather accurately. 11)She knew she couldnt put off_(go) to the dentist any longer. 12)The Allied forces in the Gulf War achieved most of what they set out _(do). 13)The company is seeking_(increase)its sales in Europe during the next two years. 14)I thought Id go_(window-shop)while my wife was having her hair cut.,EXERCISE6-2,15)This room will look very cheerful once youve finished_(redecorate)it. 16)She wont go to a specialist because she dreads_(be told)shes unable to have children. 17)William sighed. He could not recall ever_(be)this tired before. 18)The newspapers financial editor advised his readers not to buy speculative shares unless they were prepared to risk_(lose) their money.,EXERCISE6-2,19)Our reporter has just telephoned to say that rescue teams will tomorrow endeavour_(bring) out the trapped miners. 20)By his great presence of mind, the driver managed_(avoid)a serious accident. 21)The question is whether anyone will volunteer_(do)the work unpaid. 22)It was so ridiculous that I couldnt resist_(laugh)outright.,Keys: exs 6-2,1. sharing 2. to call, to pick up 3. making 4. telling 5. to repair 6. to complete 7. laughing 8. laughing 9. （to）make 10. trying 11. going 12. to do 13. to increase 14. window-shopping 15. redecorating 16. being told 17. being 18. losing 19. to bring 20. to avoid 21. to do 22. laughing,EXERCISE 6-3,Replace the noun clauses in italics with an infinitive or a gerund phrase as shown in the examples Examples: The police hope that they will solve the crime soon. The police hope to solve the crime soon. I dont recollect that I actually promised to help you. I dont recollect actually promising to help you.,EXERCISE 6-3,1.The defeated champion swore that he would have his revenge. 2.The accused pretended that he didnt understand the lawyers question. 3.He didnt even acknowledge that he had received the invitation. 4.The witness reported that he had seen a dark saloon car parked outside the bank at the time of robbery. 5.The management promised that they would look into the workers complaints.,EXERCISE 6-3,6.They couldnt, however, guarantee that they would meet all the mens demands. 7.No teacher would profess that he/she knows the answers. 8.The accused admitted that he had received the stolen goods. 9.She decided that she was not going to buy the dress because it was too expensive. 10.The chairman threatened that he would resign if his policies were not adopted.,EXERCISE 6-3,11.Surely he wont deny that he was there on that occasion? 12.I know it was an adventure holiday but I did not anticipate that I would spend my days upside down in a freezing lake. 13.My wife mentioned that she had seen you the other day. 14.I dont claim that Im an expert on cars, but I do know that theres something wrong with your brakes.,Keys: exs: 6-3,1.The defeated champion swore to have his revenge. 2.The accused pretended not to understand the lawyers question. 3.He didnt even acknowledge receiving/having received the invitation. 4.The witness reported seeing/having seen a dark saloon car parked outside the bank at the time of robbery. 5.The management promised to look into the workers complaints.,Keys: exs: 6-3,6.They couldnt, however, guarantee to meet all the mens demands. 7.No teacher would profess to know the answers. 8.The accused admitted receiving/having received the stolen goods. 9.She decided not to buy the dress because it was too expensive. 10.The chairman threatened to resign if his policies were not adopted.,Keys: exs: 6-3,11.Surely he wont deny being there on that occasion? 12.I know it was an adventure holiday but I did not anticipate spending my days upside down in a freezing lake. 13.My wife mentioned seeing/having seen you the other day. 14.I dont claim to be an expert on cars, but I do know that theres something wrong with your brakes.,6-3具有被动意义的动名词,少数动名词用在表示“需要”含义的动词need, require, want（见于英国英语）后作宾语时，具有被动的意义。换句话说，它们与句子主语有动宾关系（a-d）. a)The house needs cleaning(=to be cleaned).这屋子需要打扫了。 b)He will need looking after. c)Your car wants servicing(=to be serviced).你的汽车需要检修。 d)Does your suit require pressing? 要熨烫 这些动名词均由及物动词变来，若是不及物动词，则要加合适的介词（b）.,6-3具有被动意义的动名词,另外，在be worth后也有相似的用法（e-g）注意它与it is worth结构的区别，后者的动名词没有被动意义，及物动词后有自己的宾语： It isnt worth repairing the car.这辆汽车不值得一修了。 e)Its an idea thats worth considering. f)Is that museum worth visiting? g)Shes not worth getting angry with.不值得对她生气。,EXERCISE 6-4,Supply the right answer from the two choices given in brackets. 1.When youve finished the book, you can tell me if its worth_(reading, to be read). 2.The plants need_(watering, to water)-the leaves are starting to go brown. 3.I never want_(working, to work) in that factory, having seen the effect it had on my father. 4.Its such a small point that its hardly worth_(troubling, troubling about),EXERCISE 6-4,5.The wine is in the fridge-it just wants_(cooling, being cooled)for a couple of minutes. 6.I have books and papers all over my desk. I need_(taking, to take)some time to straighten up my desk. 7.Thats one of those questions that dont really need_(answering , to answer). 8.And now the sheets for your bed will want_(airing , to air),I suppose.(air烘干),EXERCISE 6-4,9.Its a matter that requires careful_(handling, being handled). 10.I feel a little tired-I need_(resting, to rest)for a few minutes . 11.The house wanted_(doing up, to do up), unless he decided to move into the country. 12.Our teacher didnt think we needed_(telling, being told)how important the examination was.,EXERCISE 6-4,13. Its worth_(mentioning, being mentioned)that you will have to travel a lot in this job. 14.The shareholders all think they know what should be done, but the board still needs_(convincing, to convince) 15.That book is really worth_(reading, being read), if youre going to take the English exam. 16.It may be worth_(putting, to put )an advertisement in the local paper.,Keys: exs:6-4,1. reading 2. watering 3. to work 4. troubling about 5. cooling 6. to take 7. answering 8. airing 9. handling 10. to rest 11. doing up 12. telling 13. mentioning 14. convincing 15. reading 16. putting,6-4既可与不定式又可与动名词连用的动词,动词如attempt, cease, continue, decline, deserve, dread, fear, intend, neglect等以及下面要介绍的一些动词可接不定式或动名词短语，意思常没有多少区别(a, b) a)Dont neglect writing to write to your mother 别忘了给你母亲写信。 b)I hear they intend marrying to marry.听说他们要结婚了。,6-4既可与不定式又可与动名词连用的动词,begin和start后有时既可用动名词也可用不定式(c) c)They began working to work at once 谈到一项长期的，习惯性的动作时，其后常用动名词(d)。 d)She started playing the piano when she was five.她五岁时开始弹钢琴。 在begin和start后选用什么，有时是出于修辞考虑，使句子不显得拗口(e, f) e)The snow is going to start melting 就要 f)The water is beginning to boil. 就要了。,6-4既可与不定式又可与动名词连用的动词,不定式常与进行时有关。因此在begin和start后，一些通常不用与进行时态的动词，如believe, feel, like, know, realize, see, think, understand等，多用不定式(g, h) g)She began to feel dizzy.她开始感到头昏眼花. h)He began to realize that he had made a mistake 他开始意识到自己犯了个错误.,6-4既可与不定式又可与动名词连用的动词,一些表示感情或态度的动词,如:like , love 及hate , loathe等,有时泛指一般“好恶”,意思类似于enjoy或它的否定 , 多接动名词,较少用不定式(i, j) i)I hate working /to work in the early morning . j)I like looking round bookstores. 在提及特定时刻的特定动作时,通常跟不定式(k, l) k)I dont like to hear you talking like that. l)I hate to mention it ,but you own me some money.我不愿提起这件事,6-4既可与不定式又可与动名词连用的动词,这些词常与would或should连用,表示”愿望”或”选择”,意思类似于wish , prefer或它们的否定,后面总是跟不定式(m, n) m)What would you like to do this evening ? n)She said shed love to come and see us sometime. 注意.dislike是enjoy的反义,与dont like 不完全一样,后面总是用动名词: I dislike asking for favors.,6-4既可与不定式又可与动名词连用的动词,prefer的通常用法是prefer one thing to another 后接动名词(o) o)I prefer doing things to reading books 它的另一结构是与(rather)than 连用,此时要接不定式(p) p)I should prefer to stay at home rather than go out in this weather,EXERCISE 6-5,Complete the following sentences by using an infinitive or a gerund. In some cases, either form is possible. 1.I would prefer_(spend) the weekend at home rather than drive all the way to your mothers. 2.I heard you talking and I didnt like_(disturb) you, so I went away. 3.I would love_(go) to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. 4.Most people dislike_(drive) on icy roads, but he rather enjoys it.,EXERCISE 6-5,5.She had only been working for the company for about a week when I started_(realize) there was something odd about her. 6.I used to love my job. Now Im starting_(get) bored. 7.The puppy has an intense dislike of water and hates_(get) bathed. 8.Im beginning_(think) we might have chosen the person for the job.,EXERCISE 6-5,9.She seems to prefer_(watch) soap opera on TV to talking to me. 10.I hate_(break) things up, but its time to go home. 11.I would hate_(get up) in the morning and_(feel) there was no purpose in my life. 12.Normally I get up at 7:30 and dont like_(stay) in bed much. 13.Why dont you stop buying your things there if you dislike_(wait) in queues? 14.As a top businessman, he cant even begin_(understand) real poverty.,EXERCISE 6-5,15.The meeting began promisingly, but then things started_(go) wrong. 16.Children should start_(learn) a foreign language at primary school. 17.I began_(get) a little worried. Where had they got to? 18.After waiting for half an hour, she was beginning_(get) angry. 19.Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers_(ride) a bicycle.,EXERCISE 6-5,20.Police began_(suspect) him of giving false information when they acted on his advice and failed. 21.They began_(drive) at six in the morning, and were still on the road ten hours later. 22.If we go on meeting like this people are going to start_(think) were having an affair.,Keys: exs6-5,1.to spend 2.to disturb 3.to go 4.driving 5.to realize 6.to get 7.getting 8.to think 9.watching 10.to break 11.to get up, feel 12.staying 13.waiting 14.to understand 15.to go 16.learning