英语语法讲析之语态篇.ppt

初中英语语法讲析 之 语态篇,福建省漳平市永福第二初级中学,苏新坤,一、语态概述,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。 巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。 例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。,英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。,主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。 巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。 例如：Many people speak English. 谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。,1,二、被动语态的构成,被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。,被动语态的句型,肯 定 句,否 定 句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,主语 + be + 过去分词 + （by ）,主语 + be not + 过去分词 + （by ）,疑问词 + be +主语 + 过去分词 + （by ）？,Be +主语 + 过去分词 + （by ）?,2,被动语态的时态,Am Is are,done,Am Is are,Being done,Was were,done,Was were,Being done,Has have,Been done,Had been done,Shall will,Be done,Should would,Be done,a,b,c,一般现在时,History is made by people 历史是人民创造的。,He is often asked to do this work 他常常被派做这件工作。,一般过去时,These new cars were made in Tianjin in 2003. 这些新车是2003年在天津生产的。,一般将来时,Many believe that one day the earth will be destroyed if people do not learn to live in peace . 许多人相信，如果人类不能学会和平相处，地球总有一天要被毁掉。,d,现在进行时,A new railway is being built. 一条新铁路正在修建。,e,过去进行时,The road were being widened. 路那时正在加宽。,g,f,现在完成时,He has been sent to work in Shanghai . 他已经被派往上海工作了。,过去完成时,A new hotel had been built when I got there . 我到那时，一座新旅馆已经建好了。,过去将来时,My neighbour said a new hotel would be built in six months. 我的邻居说六个月后新旅馆将会建好的。,h,3,被动语态的否定句和疑问句,友情提示,凡有be动词的句子，其否定结构在be后加not,疑问直接提前，被动语态也不例外！,三、主动语态变为被动语态,被动语态是由助动词be+动词的过去分词的形式构成的，过去分词保持不变，而所有的变化即人称、数、时态的变化，都体现在助动词的变化上。如果助动词be的变化能掌握好，被动语态就很容易掌握了。,Be动词的五种变化形式： 原 形 be 现在时 am ,is ,are 过去时 was , were 现在分词 being 过去分词 been,重 要 提 示,1,主动语态转换为被动语态的步骤,主动句,The naughty boy broke the window yesterday.,被动句,The window was broke by the naughty boy yesterday.,主语,谓语,主语,状语,宾语,谓语,状语,介词短语,1,2,3,步骤二,步骤一,步骤三,原主动句中的宾语the window变为主语。,谓语动词break改为被动形式：be + 过去分词。,原主动句中的主语放在介词by的后面。其他成分不变。,宾变主， 主变宾， by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动， be后“过分”来使用,教你一招,四、被动语态的几种类型,1,由及物动词构成的被动语态,主动句 S（主）+V（谓）+ O（宾） 被动句 S（原宾）+be +过去分词+by+ O（原主语之宾格形式）,A,有一个宾语的句子的被动语态,He wrote this poem yesterday. This poem was written by him yesterday.,Thousands of tourists will visit Kunming this year. Kunming will be visited by thousands of tourists this year.,B,有两个宾语的句子的被动语态,主动句 S（主）+V（谓）+ IO（间接宾）+DO（直接宾） 被动句 S（原IO）+be +过去分词+原DO +by+ O（原主语之宾格形式） S（原DO）+be +过去分词+原IO +by+ O（原主语之宾格形式）,I have asked Brown the question .,1,Brown has been asked the question by me.,2,The question has been asked (of) Brown by me.,加上of，表示强调向布朗提出，而不是向别人。,Tell show buy ask pass write do make sell send sing give answer teach offer pay promise allow award,经常使用双宾语的动词：,Buy, give ,leave ,lend , Offer , pay , teach, tell, Show, award（奖励）,可以有两种被动 语态的一些动词,通常用直接宾语作被动 语态主语的一些动词,Bring , do , make , pass, Sell , send , sing , sew write,通常用间接宾语作被动 语态主语的一些动词,Answer , deny（否认） Envy （妒忌），refuse Save , spare（节约）,He lent me a bike A bike was lent to me by him. I was lent a bike by him.,He wrote her a letter. A letter was written to her by him（合习惯） She was written a letter.（不合习惯）,I refused him the invitation . He was refused the invitation by me.（合习惯） The invitation was refused him by me （不合习惯）,examples,含有宾语补足语的句子的被动语态,C,主动句 S（主）+V（谓）+ O（宾）+ C （宾语补足语） 被动句 S（原宾）+be +过去分词+ C+by+ O（原主语之宾格形式）,注,意,所有带不定式宾语补足语的 动词，在变为被动语态时， 不定式前都要加to,特别是感 官动词（see, watch, look at, Observe listen to , hear,feel） 和使役动词（make , have） 在主动语态的句子中宾语 补足语前省略to,在变为被动 语态时主语补语前一律加 To,但含有let的句子在变为 被动语态时,to 可以省略。,切记： 动词短语的被动语态 也应保证其完整性 如：take care of为 Be taken care of Cut down 为 Be cut down Look after为 Be looked after,We call him shorty. He is called shorty by us .,They will make the city more beautiful . The city will be made more beautiful by them.,Children saw the balloons raising. The balloons were seen raising .,He saw a thief steal something from the room. A thief was seen to steal something from the room by him .,examples,2,由“不及物动词+介词或副词”构成的被动语态,A,由短语动词形成的被动语态,主动句 S（主）+V（不及动）+ 介词+ O（宾语） 被动句 S（原宾）+be +过去分词+ 介词+by+ O（原主语宾格形式）,一般情况下，只有及物动词的后面才能跟宾语，而不及物动词后面不能跟宾 语，所以只有及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不 及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，这个动词相当于一个 及物动词，那它就可以形成被动语态了。,告 诉 你,在动词短语中，动词和介词的关系非常密切， 已经形成一个固定搭配的词组，介词的位置 也是固定的不能随意变动,必背,由“动词+介词”形成的动词短语,由被动语态形成的动词短语,3,由情态动词构成的被动语态,主语+情态动词+ be（永远是原形）+ 过去分词. 主语+情态动词+not+ be（永远是原形）+ 过去分词. 情态动词+主语+be（永远是原形）+ 过去分词?,肯定句,否定句,疑问句,4,注,意,“be going to +动词原形”句型变为被动语态时，我们把be going to 看成一个词，就如同情态动词can一样,因此他的被动语态应该是： “be going to be +过去分词”,祈使句的被动语态,祈使句的被动语态使用let 句式。,A,肯定祈使句,主动句 V（原形）+ O 被动句 Let + O （原宾语）+ be（原形）+ 过去分词,Do homework at once! Let homework be done at once,注,意,否定祈使句只需在let 前加dont,五、被动语态的注意事项,(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例：Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。,1,适合被动语态的情况,(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。,歌诀：谁做的动作不知道， 说出谁做的没有必要； 动作承受者需强调， 被动语态运用到。,2,主动语态不能变被动语态的情况,（1）当宾语是反身代词时。 （2）当谓语是表状态的及物动词时。,I found myself in the park.,We will have a meeting.,A meeting will be had by us.,We will hold a meeting.,A meeting will be held by us. ,把下列句子变为被动句: 1.They asked me to come a little later. I _ _ to come a little later. 2.Women often talk about food and clothes. Food and clothes _ often _ about by women. 3.Do they make this kind of truck in Nanjing? _this kind of truck _ in Nanjing? 4.We must clean our teeth twice a day. Our teeth must _ _ twice a day. 5.Can I answer this question in simple English? _this question _ _ in simple English? 6.You may clean the room after work. The room may _ _ after work. 7.We use brooms for sweeping the floor. Brooms_ _for sweeping the floor. 8. They built quite a few tall buildings in their hometown last year. Quite a few tall buildings _ _ in their hometown last year. 9. You must not put