《书面表达专题》PPT课件.ppt

书面表达专题(一),书面表达题的基本要求,9种技能,1语法要正确 语法正确就是说写出来的句子必须符合英语语法的规则。每一句话都要遵守“三一致”的原则：主谓一致、时态一致、单复数一致。 (1)主谓一致 汉语说“你来，我来，他也来”，谓语都是同一形式的“来”。英语中必须根据人称的不同使用不同形式的谓语，写成英语就是：You come，he comes and I come，too.,(2)时态一致 英汉两种语言在时态表达上存在很大差异。如汉语说：昨天李平买东西了；今天，李平在买东西；明天，李平还要买东西。三种不同的时态，用同一种形式的谓语“买东西”表达。这在英语里行不通，必须用三种不同形式的谓语来表达。上句译为：Yesterday Li Ping went shopping.Today，Li Ping is going shopping，too.And again，Li Ping will go shopping tomorrow.,(3)单复数一致 英汉两种语言在单复数表达上也存在不同。如汉语说“麦克从学校图书馆借了一本英语书，三本日语书和十本德语书。”不管“书”前面的量词是多少，“书”本身的形式不会发生变化。但在英语中就不同了，book要根据它前面量词的不同而变化其形式。上句译为：Mike borrowed an English book，three Japanese books and ten German books from the school library.,2掌握常用句型 句子是表达一个完整意思的最小单位，所以造句能力在英文写作中非常重要。好的英语句子能够生动、形象、准确地表达内容，所以要想写出漂亮的书面表达，必须从写好句子开始。,利用英语基本句型造句： (1)主语谓语状语 The sun rises up in the east and sets down in the west.(介词短语作状语) Glass breaks easily.(副词作状语) The meeting lasted 2 hours.(名词短语作状语),(2)主语谓语宾语 This factory produces 1,000 cars a week. (3)主语谓语介词宾语 He hates to argue with his wife about such small matters. (4)主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语 He paid me a visit yesterday.,(5)主语系动词表语 Your explanation sounds reasonable.(形容词作表语) He was so tired that he fell asleep the moment he went to bed.(过去分词和形容词作表语),(6)主语谓语宾语宾语补足语 He invited me to teach at a wellknown university.(不定式作宾语补足语) I often hear her sing the song.(省略to的不定式作宾语补足语) I heard her singing in the next room.(现在分词作宾语补足语) I must have my watch repaired.(过去分词作宾语补足语),(7)主语谓语非谓语动词 We cant help laughing at the news.(动名词作宾语) I cant afford to buy such a big house.(不定式作宾语) (8)主语谓语宾语介词短语 Nothing can prevent us from going forward.,3要有合并句子的能力 写作时，句子表达的意思要紧凑，同时做到句型的多样化。为避免句子呆板单调，我们必须培养自己的并句能力。所谓并句，是指根据前后句子的逻辑关系，运用适当的连接词把简单句合并成并列句或复合句。,(1)两个简单句合并成一个并列句或复合句。 例如：Some of the students want to give up smoking.They find it difficult to get rid of that bad habit.这两个简单句在逻辑上有转折关系，可以用连接词but合并成一个并列句：Some of the students want to give up smoking，but they find it difficult to get rid of that bad habit.,(2)三个或三个以上的简单句，也可根据句子间的逻辑关系选用适当的连接词合并成并列句、复合句或并列复合句。 例如：My best friend in high school was our English teacher.Her name was Li Ming.She taught us English for three years.这三个简单句所提供的信息量很小，把一个简单的思想内容割裂成三个短句加以表达，虽然各个句子语法正确，但显得乏力。可改为：My best friend in high school was our English teacher，Li Ming，who taught us English for three years.,4.要符合连贯性原则 连贯性是指句中的单词、词组或分句之间连接适当，关系清楚，句意能得到准确、清楚、流畅的表达。不少学生写出的不连贯性句子主要包括垂悬修饰语、指代不清、未用平行结构等方面的错误。例如：He likes to sing，to swim，and table tennis.英语中要表达等同地位的意思时，应使用平行结构。此句未用平行结构，破坏了连贯性原则可改为：He likes to sing，to swim，and to play table tennis.或He likes singing，swimming，and playing table tennis. ,5要符合完整统一性原则 每个正确有效的句子必须符合完整统一性原则。完整统一性原则是指一个句子必须表达单一的完整的思想。不能把几个无紧密联系甚至毫不相干的思想放在同一句子里。,例如：The girl is too young. 这个句子就不完整，可改为：The girl is too young to go to school/to get married. Being an honest girl，Mary worked very hard. 此句前后两部分意思无密切关系，违背完整统一性原则，可改为： Being an honest girl，Mary never tells a lie to her friends.,6要避免连缀句 英语中使用频率最高的标点符号是逗号。写作中，同学们往往由于用错逗号而产生错句。按要求并列分句之间需有并列连词连接或由分号断开；主句和从句之间要有从属连词连接。可是，写作时有不少学生不管句子之间的关系如何，一概用逗号连接，结果造成连缀句错误。,例如：误：She is too young，she cant join the army. 正：She is too young，so she cant join the army. She is too young；she cant join the army. 如何避免连缀句呢？ (1)该用连词时就要用 Jim overslept，so he was late for class.若去掉so，该句便成连缀句。,(2)两个并列句之间，如不用连词，可改用分号 He went to class；he forgot his paper. (3)不要把连接副词误用为连词 误：She continued teaching，however her heart was not in it. 正：She continued teaching；however her heart was not in it. 或She continued teaching，but her heart was not in it.,7句子要写得简洁 英语句子要写得简洁自然，清楚明白。这是英语写作的基本要求之一。要使英语句子简洁，既要避免使用意思表达中不必要的词，又要避免意思相同词的重复。,例如：Whenever anyone called for someone to help him do some certain things，Jim was always the first to volunteer(自愿)and lend his help.该句中有很多词是多余的，实际该句可改成：Whenever anyone called for help，Jim was always the first to volunteer.原句中所有信息都已包含在此句中，这样改动之后不仅结构简洁，而且意思清楚。,8运用英语思维 使用英语思维完成书面表达是正确遣词造句的基础。熟悉一些常用英语句式，与表义建立直接联系，不需要翻译，便能形成英语思维，也就可以避免因不正确的直译而导致的表达错误。在高考英语书面表达中，有许多因不正确的直译而导致的表达错误。例如：,(1)今天她想待在家里。 误：She thinks to stay at home today.(用词不当) 正：She wants to stay at home today. (2)艾丽丝两年前嫁给了汤姆。 误：Alice married with Tom two years ago.(搭配不当) 正：Alice married Tom two years ago.,(3)我们英语老师生病了。格林夫人来代替他。 误：Our English teacher was ill. Mr.Green insteaded of him.(词性错误) 正：Our English teacher was ill. Mr.Green took his place. (4)我们都反对鲍勃的计划。 误：We all against Bobs plan.(句型不对) 正：We are all against Bobs plan.,(5)他的工作很忙。 误：His work is busy.(句型不对) 正：He is busy with his work. (6)你有必要来这里。 误：You are necessary to come here.(句型不对) 正：Its necessary for you to come here. (7)第二年他们国家爆发了一场战争。 误：The next year，their country broke out a war.(句型不对) 正：The next year，a war broke out in their country.,(8)我们有二十个学生看过这部电影。 误：There are twenty students in our class have seen the film.(结构混淆) 正：Twenty students in our class have seen the film.,9使用标点符号要规范 标点符号是一种变相文字，是作者表达其思想感情的一种代号，是书面语不可缺少的重要部分。在一个意思完整的句子结束时，要打上标点符号：陈述句和祈使句用句号，疑问句用问号，感叹句用感叹号。但英汉两种语言在标点符号及其使用上存在着差异。如汉