《英语翻译概论》PPT课件.ppt

翻 译,南方医科大学外国语学院 金敏娜,Notice,This is an introduction course to translation and interpretation, so students are just the beginners. Please do not set a very ambitious goal, and never take you as a translator or an interpreter. If so, you will feel greatly discouraged and frustrated.,Instructor 金 敏 娜 Mina 主修：翻译理论与实践 获英语语言文学硕士学位,实践活动（before 2009）,口 译： 参加各类会议、活动口译20余场 担任省、市政府领导随行口译 比利时前总理访华生活口译,实践活动（before 2009）,笔 译 翻译各类文字二十余万字 发表译文数篇 发表相关论文数篇,联系方式,Outline of this course,翻译概论 英汉语言的差异 笔译基本技巧 口译基本技巧 翻译考试介绍 测 试,你最希望在翻译课上学到什么？,第一讲 翻译概论,南方医科大学外国语学院 金敏娜,Outline,Definitions of translation Process of translation Prerequisites for translators Criteria of translation Key terms of translating practices,Whats translation?,唐朝(618-907)贾公彦义疏“译即易， 为换易言语使相解也” 宋代(960-1279)法云(1088-1158)翻译名义集“夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别，义则大同.” Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text from one language into another language, of an equivalent text that communicates the same message.,Eugene A. Nida,Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 翻译, 是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。首先是意义, 其次是文体。,Translation,Source Language (e.g. English),transfer,Target Language (e.g. Arabic),Written Text,Source Language (e.g. English),transfer,Target Language (e.g. Arabic),Spoken Discourse,Interpretation,Translation - with time and access to resources such as dictionaries - There is a very high standard of accuracy for translation Interpretation usually takes place “on the spot“ with the clients present deals with utterances (although the source language may be a text).,The process of translation,87.You would not have failed if you had _. (按照我的指令去做) 88.Despite the hardship he encountered, Mark never_ . (放弃对知识的追求),89.Scientists agree that it will be a long time before_. (我们找到治愈癌症的方法) 90.Production has to be increased considerably to _.(与消费者不断增长的需求保持同步) 91.The more exercise you take, _ .(你越不大可能感冒),87. followed my instructions 88. gave up pursuing knowledge 89. we find the methods of curing cancers 90. keep pace with the constantly increasing demands of consumers 91. the fewer chances you will have of catching a cold,There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.,Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47 Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the worlds work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.,46. 尽管人们可以这样说，对任何一个社会制度价值的衡量就是其在增长和丰富经验方面所产生的影响，但是这种影响并不是其最初（原来）动机的一部分。 47. 这个制度的副产品仅仅是为人们所逐步注意到，而在实施这种制度时，认为这种影响是一个制约因素则仍然更为缓慢。,第一档：很好地完成了试题规定的任务，理解准确无误，表达通顺清楚，没有错译漏译 第二档：基本完成了试题规定的任务，理解基本准确，表达比较通顺，没有重大错译漏译 第三档：未能按要求完成试题规定的任务，理解原文不够准确，表达欠通顺，有明显错译漏译。,理解+表达,Process of Translation: Eugene A. Nida,Process of Translation,阅读Reading: Reading from the perspective of a translator is totally different from everyday reading. first reading: general reading for main idea, theme, background second reading: careful reading for details final reading: stylistic features, spirit,Process of Translation,(2) 理解Understanding: At this stage, we should bear in mind all the participants involved in the translating process. 1)contextual analysis The slums offered an ugly contrast to the classical grandeur of official Washington. The baseball season opens this afternoon and I suspect that most of official Washington are out at the field, including the president and many of the members of the Cabinet. 2)logical analysis The old man informed us that his wife had thirteen children, one in every month of the year and one over besides.,Process of Translation,(3) 表达Expressing: a) To express the content and in the meantime keep the original form mainly including structure arrangement, image, figure of speech, etc. 我从乡下跑到城里来，一转眼已经六年了。 Six years have passed by in a flash/ in a twinkle since I came to the city from the countryside.,b) Keep the original content, sacrificing the form. 有个农村叫张家庄，张家庄有个张木匠，张木匠有个好老婆，外号叫“小飞蛾”， “小飞蛾”生了个女儿叫艾艾。 There was a village called Zhangjia Village, where lived Carpenter Zhang, who had a good wife, nicknamed little Moth, who gave birth to a girl called Ai ai.,(4) Re-expressing a) Improving Chinese readability Cotton feels soft. 棉花使人感到柔软。棉花摸上去柔软。 Even if you go there, there wouldnt be any result. 即使你去了，也不会有什么结果。你去了也是白去。 b) Getting rid of the bound of original words Any person not leaving litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of 5.,Process of Translation,Process of Translation,(4)校对 Proof-reading: we had better put the draft aside for a number of days and then pick it up for proof-reading.,理解是确切翻译的基础和关键。 通读全文，领略大意。 明辨语法，弄清关系。 联系上下，推敲词义。,We must insert a new fuse every time a fuse has functioned. 每当保险丝是烧断后，我们就换上新的。 Tom is now with his wife in Chicago. It is already 5 years since he was in New York City. 汤姆现在同妻子住在芝加哥，他不在纽约住已经五年了。,Practice,Its not easy to be a translator!,Prerequisites for translators,Linguistic proficiency Encyclopedic knowledge Sense of responsibility translation techniques,1. Linguistic proficiency,Good bi-lingual competence, esp. understanding and expressing You cant be too careful. It is five years since he smoked.,2. Encyclopedic knowledge,the broadening of the range and scope of our general knowledge: especially the cultural and historical affairs, and traditional custom etc;,3. Sense of responsibility,Following the original works intention； Professional ethics； Improving competence,例:,克林顿总统1998年访华的高潮是在北京大学发表演讲。演说现场直播所用的同声翻译由美国自己提供这是美国总统首次直接对中国民众发表讲话。通过电视观看演说的美国评论员认为这是一个惊人的成功。但在中国，克林顿的演说一结束，中央电视台的主持人就向观众表达歉意，因为美国人“翻译的中文不伦不类”。虽然演说词的翻译在意思上到位，但表述拙劣，容易造成误解，堪称失败的翻译。,Criteria of Translation,In China: 严复：信、达、雅 (faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance) 傅雷：神似 (spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit ) 钱钟书：化境 (transmigration) 鲁迅： 宁信而不顺 林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 梁实秋：宁错务顺 瞿秋白：信顺统一 许渊冲：音美、形美、意美,Criteria for beginners: Faithfulness Smoothness,Key Terms: Faithfulness vs Smoothness,Smoothness It requires that version must be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure and crabbed language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and turbid logic. Different languages have different ways of expression. The translator must try to follow the custom and good usage of the languages used and not stick to the mode of expression of the original.,How to translate these?,What the god-damned hell are you doing now? He wanted to learn, to know, to teach. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, for ability.,Key Terms: Equivalence vs non-equivalence,Equivalence “equal value” of the SL and TL text (sense- and content-related identity) Non-equivalence at word level means that the target language has no direct equivalent for a word which occurs in the text.,optional equivalence,a given SL unit has several equivalents in the target language e.g. in German: Spannung, in English: voltage, tension, suspense, stress, pressure),approximate equivalence,the meaning of a SL unit is divided between two TL equivalents e.g. German: Himmel, English: heaven/sky),zero equivalence,the SL unit does not have a TL equivalent e.g. realia no-no,How do we handle a non-equivalence,Translation by a more general word (superordinate) Translation by a more natural/less expressive word Translation by cultural substitution Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation,Translation by paraphrase using a related word Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words Translation by omission Translation by illustration,How do we handle a non-equivalence,Key Terms: Literal vs Free Translation,Literal Translation SL-oriented translation A translation “made on a level lower than is sufficient to convey the content unchanged while observing TL norms”（Barkhudarov） Not to alter the original words and sentences; to strive to keep the sentiments and style of the original; sentence as the basic unit Representatives: Lu Xun, Venuti,etc.,Free Translation Known as sense-for-sense translation;TL-oriented translation A translation “made on a level higher than is necessary to convey the content unchanged while observing TL norms”（Barkhudarov） to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech; alternative method of literal Representatives: Zhao Jingshen and others in the 1930-40s, Nida, etc.,Key Terms: Literal vs Free Translation,/articleview/2008-10-27/article_view_14137.htm,Literal or Free Translation?,1) Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft. 直译：把贵重物品放在显眼处，等于是给小偷发请帖。 意译：应妥善保管贵重物品，以防被盗。 2) A gift is the key to open the door closed against. 直译：礼物是打开把你关在外的房门的钥匙。 意译：大门把你关在外，礼物送到门自开。,3）Every life has its roses and thorns. 直译：每个人的一生都既有玫瑰，又有荆棘。 意译：人生总是有苦有乐，甘苦参半。 4）I talked to him with brutal frankness. 逐词翻译：我同他谈话用粗暴的坦率 直译：我同他谈话时，使用了令人不快的真诚的语言。 意译：我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言,5) His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night. 逐词翻译：他的烦恼不能承受夜晚宁静的美丽。 直译：他的烦恼经不起这宁静的良宵美景的感染。 意译：面对这宁静的良宵美景，他的烦恼不禁涣然冰释了。,Foreignization A term used by Venuti (1995) to designate the type of translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the ST, eg. Ezra Pounds translations, Lu Xuns translations,Key Terms: Foreignization vs Domestication,Domestication/Naturalization A term used by Venuti (1995) to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for TL readers, eg. Zhu Shenghaos translations, Zhang Guruos translations, Eugene Nidas translation proposal,Key Terms: Foreignization vs Domestication,Foreignization vs Domestication,异化(foreignization) 归化(domestication) 例：Spring, the sweet spring is the years pleasant king. 春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。郭沫若,Foreignization vs Domestication,Youve got to have faith up your sleeve, otherwise you wont succeed. 你必须袖里藏有自信，否则你不会成功（异化） 你必须有锦囊妙计，否则你不会成功（归化）,Some Examples of Domestication,as timid as a hare at a stones throw wet like a drown rat as stupid as a goose as stubborn as a mule seek a hare in a hens nest as dumb as an oyster,胆小如鼠 一箭之遥 湿如落汤鸡 蠢得像猪 犟得像牛 缘木求鱼 守口如瓶,Examples of Domestication,cry up wine and sell vinegar put back the clock talk horse kill the goose that lays the golden eggs drink like a fish Once the wife of a person, always the wife of a person.,挂羊头，卖狗肉 开倒车 吹牛 杀鸡取卵 牛饮 嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。,Over-domestication/Dead Translation,watch sister you me you me We two who and who？ If you want money, I have no; if you want life, I have one! Hello everybody! If you have something to say, then say! If you have nothing to say, go home! You have seed I will give you some color to see see, brothers! Together up !,表妹 彼此彼此 咱俩谁跟谁呀？ 要钱没有，要命一条。 有事起奏，无事退朝 你有种，我要给你点颜色瞧瞧，兄弟们，一起上！,Exercises,Fill in the blanks: Yan Fus 3-word translation criteria are _, _ and _. 2) The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are _ and _.,Translate following into English: 1) 信达雅 2）“宁顺而不信。” “宁信而不顺。” 3）“保持着原作风姿。” 4）忠实、通顺 5）直译与意译,Key to Exercises,1) faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance 2) faithfulness, smoothness,1)