工程硕士英语考试资料——词汇与语法.ppt

动词 动词短语 名词 形容词 介词短语(介词+名词) 副词(短语),实词,动词 名词 形容词 副词,虚词,介词 连词 助动词 代词 冠词,测试词类,词汇部分,主要考查词义和词形的辨别及词语的搭配,1. 领会式掌握4250个英语单词和500个常用词组; 2. 复用式掌握1800个左右的常用单词和200个常用词组; 3. 掌握一定数量的常用词缀,并能根据构词法和语境识别常见的派生词.,单词部分,1. 词形不同、词义有部分重合之处的近义词辨异 -注意区分它们之间的细微差异 -注意它们与其他词的搭配要求,The service operates 36 libraries throughout the country, while six _ libraries specially serve the countryside. A. mobile B. drifting C. shifting D. rotating,(A),Most people who travel in the course of their work are given traveling _. A. subsidies B. allowances C. salaries D. rewards,(B),2. 词形相近、词义不同的形近词辨异 -注意它们的拼写及词义的不同 -注意它们与其他词的搭配要求,I learned that the next entertainment would _ of a ballet entitled The Golden Harvest. A. consist B. persist C. insist D. resist,(A),3. 词性不同的同源词的辨异 -注意它们的词性的辨别 -注意它们的使用和搭配要求,Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the governments _ policies. A. economical B. economic C. economy D. economics,(B),4. 词形和词义都无任何联系的同类词辨异 -注意它们的词义辨异 -注意它们与其他词语的搭配要求,Language, culture and personality may be considered _ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. A. indistinctly B. irrespectively C. irrelevantly D. independently,(D),I think it difficult to guess what her _ to the news would be. A. impression B. response C. comment D. opinion,(B),Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on _. reaction B. impulse C. instinct D. response,(C),词组部分,1. 相同的动词+不同的副词(或介词),When they had finished playing, the children were made to _ all the toys they had taken out. A. Put off B. put out C. put up D. put away,(D),2. 不同的动词+相同的副词(或介词),The evidence of the servant _ the mystery of how the silver cigarette-box came to be in the garage. A. took up B. caught up C. made up D. cleared up,3. 不同的动词+不同的副词(或介词),Human eyes are accustomed to _ a specific object and once this happens, everything around the object seems to be reduced to background. A. pointing to B. staring at C. focusing on D. probing into,(C),(D),5. 动词+名词+介词,In judging the progress he has made in his studies, we must _ the fact that he has been working under great difficulties for several months. A. take advantage of B. take account of C. take delight in D. take pride on,4. 动词+副词+介词,He scratched his head and knitted his brows, but could not _ a new method of increasing the food supply. A. come up with B. come up to C. come up against D. come up for,(A),(B),6. 介词+名词,The flight was supposed to take off at eight oclock but _ we had to wait until nine. A. at last B. on purpose C. in effect D. as a result,(C),7. 介词+名词+介词,The doctor told the woman that she must lose twenty pounds _ her higher blood pressure. A. on account of B. at the cost of C. in accordance with D. for the purpose of,(A),语法部分,主要考查以下基础语法知识的掌握: 1. 名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法 2. 动词的基本时态、语态的构成及其用法 3. 虚拟语气的构成及其用法 4. 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法 5. 非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法 6. 常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法 7. 各类从句(定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句)的构成 及其用法 8. 强调句型的结构及其用法 9. 常用倒装句的结构,名词的数,名词,专有名词(proper noun) 普通名词(common noun),个体名词(individual noun) 集体名词(collective noun) 物质名词(material noun) 抽象名词(abstract noun),不可数名词,集体名词,有些在句中往往作复数用如people，police, cattle； 有些在句中往往作单数用如machinery, foliage, merchandise； 有些如被看作整体时就作单数用，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用如class, family, team, committee, staff, crew, group, audience。,The office staff _ gathered to hear the president speak on the companys new project. A. are B. is C. has D. will have,在句中，名词的单数形式前边要有冠词或表示单数的限定词，否则就要用其复数形式。 名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾-s、-es，或将-y改为-i再加-es 有少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，child children 有些名词的单复数是一样的：aircraft, spacecraft, deer, Chinese, sheep,(A),不可数名词为物质名词和抽象名词，如information, poverty, advice, anger, applause, baggage 有些抽象名词的意思可以转变成为具体名词，这时要用其复数形式。 1.很多表示蔬菜、动物等的名词一般时可数的，但用来表示餐桌上的食物时，就成了不可数名词，如：fruit, chicken 2.物质或抽象名词一般是不可数的，但表示具体、个别事物时，通常是可数的，如: a beer 3.物质名词用于表示各种不同品种或种类时，几乎均能作可数名词，如: fishes表示不同种类的鱼 4.物质或抽象名词用作复数时，词义往往发生变化，如：communication (通讯) communications (通讯系统，通讯工具)；cloth (布) clothes (衣服)；content (内容) contents (目录)；convenience (便利) conveniences (便利设备)；humanity (人类) humanities (人文科学) 5.有些名词通常只用复数形式，如：fundamentals (基本原则)，goods (货物), means (方法), rapids (急流)，shorts (短裤), sweets (欢乐), valuables (贵重物品),6. 以-s结尾的学科名词一般是单数，指具体事物时为复数。如：economics, politics,名词的格,名词的格,主格 宾格 属格(或所有格),在名词的末尾加 s 用介词of等名词构成,四种语义关系,所有关系，如：the title of the book 主谓关系，如：the teachers request 动宾关系，如：the committees decision 修饰关系，如：a months work,注意：of + -s 这种双重属格结构，如：a colleague of my fathers 区分它与of属格的不同，如： She is a friend of Johns. 和 She is a friend of John.,Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot, the _ movie could not hold our attention. A. three-hours B. three-hour C. three-hours D. three-hours,(B),代词及它的数与格,名词性物主代词(mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs) 不定代词(all, each, every(thing, -body, -one), some(thing, -body, -one), any(thing, -body, -one), no(thing, -body, one), none, either, neither, other, another, one, many, much, less, (a) few, (a) little, both等)， 指示代词(this, these, that, those)、 疑问代词(what, who, which, whom, whose)、 反身代词(myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves)、 相互代词(each other, one another)、 关系代词(who, whom, which, that, as, what),主格(I, we, you, he, she, they, it) 宾格(me, us, you, her, him, it, them) 属格(my, our, your, his, her, its, their),人称代词,No agreement was reached in the negotiation as _ side would give way to _. A. either, the other B. each, another C. neither, another D. neither, the other,The grammar and phonetics of any language are as complex as _ of any other language. A. what B. those C. that D. whose,(D),(B),动词,四类动词,行为动词 hear, walk, smile, etc. 系动词 be, become, turn, etc. 助动词 do, have 情态动词 can, will, should, etc.,四种形式,不定式 过去式 过去分词 现在分词,短语动词,动词+介词 相当于一个及物动词，宾语（不管是名词还是代词）只能放在介词后 动词+副词 有些相当于及物动词，有些则相当于不及物动词。如相当于一个及物动词，可以用于被动语态，也可以有宾语，如果宾语是代词，其结构是“动词+代词+副词” 动词+名词+介词 相当于及物动词，可用于被动语态 动词+副词+介词 相当于及物动词 复合动词 由两个单词合成，大多由“名词+动词”构成,常与动词组成短语的副词和介词： about across after against apart around aside at away back by down for forth forward from in into of off on out over round through to together under up with without,动词的时态,十六种时态,一般时,现在 We study./He studies. 过去 We/He studied. 将来 We/He will study. 过去将来 We/He would study.,进行时,现在 We are studying. /He is studying. 过去 We were studying. /He was studying 将来 We/He will be studying. 过去将来 We/He would be studying.,完成时,现在 We have studied. /He has studied. 过去 We/He had studied. 将来 We/He will have studied. 过去将来 We/He would have studied.,完成进行时,现在 We have been studying. /He has been studying 过去 We/He had been studying. 将来 We/He will have been studying. 过去将来 We/He would have been studying.,时态重点掌握进行时和完成时,The project requires more labor than _ put in because it is extremely difficult. A. has been B. have been C. being D. to be,(A),By the time you arrive in London, we _ in Europe for two weeks. A. shall stay B. have stayed C. will have stayed D. would have stayed,(C),The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers _. A. would be demonstrating B. demonstrate C. had been demonstrating D. have demonstrated,(C),Scarcely _ themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up. A. did they settle B. had they settled C. would they settle D. have they settled,(B),If it _ rain tomorrow, well have a picnic at Stanley National Park. A. cant B. doesnt C. wont D. isnt,(B),动词的语态,语态,Sound is produced by a vibrating matter. These materials should be properly disposed of. The issue is being discussed at the Summit.,主动 Glass reflects light.,被动,主动形式表示被动意义的词,某些表示感官动词加表语可以表示被动 eg. look smell taste feel等 The flower smells sweet. 某些及物动词后加副词（有些可不加）也可表示被动 eg. wash wear write sell read open cut lock peel play shut strike等 The pen writes smoothly. do owe cook bind print等动词的进行时有时可表示被动。 The meat is cooking. want deserve need require worth等后面可用动名词的动词形式表示被动 This point deserves mentioning.,Great changes in the city _, since the reform and opening to the outside world, and a lot of factories _. A have been taken place, have been set up B have taken place, have been set up C have taken place, have set up D were taken place, were set up,B,动词的语气,三种语气,陈述语气 China is a great country. 疑问语气 Where are from? 祁使语气 Remember to come and join us. 虚拟语气 If I were you, I would go with him.,虚拟语气,虚拟条件句,与现在事实相反If I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you. 与过去事实相反 If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful.,推测条件句 -与将来相反或可能相反 If I were to do the work, I would do it in a different way. If he should have enough money, he would buy the car.,错综时间条件句 -从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致 If you had spoken to him last time you saw him, you would know what to do now. (过去现在) If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night.（现在过去） If they had left home early in the morning, they would arrive in half an hour.（过去将来）,If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future.（现在将来） If she should arrive today, she must have started three days ago.（将来过去）,虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用,2. had hoped引起的宾语从句中动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 3. would rather, had rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon和would prefer后面跟从句，从句中动词一般用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。 4. It is high/about time that的句型中 从句中用一般过去式，或用should do (should不能省) 5. if only “要是就好了”，谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。 6. as if /as though后跟从句有时也用虚拟语气，其动词形式与wish的宾语从句的形式相同。,7.由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that等引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should (might, would)+动词原形。,1. wish后跟从句 表示对现在的愿望时，从句中用were或行为动词的过去式 表示对过去的愿望时，从句中用过去完成时或would/could have done 表示对将来的愿望时，从句中用would /should (could, might)+ 动词原形,8. 在though, so long as, although, even if/though, whetheror, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, whichever, no matter what (who, how)等强式连接代词或副词引导的让步状语从句中用虚拟语气，谓语动词用动词原形，表示推测、让步等，但主句一般用直陈语气。 9. 在某些表示惊讶、喜悦、不安、遗憾、失望等情绪的句子中用虚拟语气，谓语动词用 should+动词原形或should+动词的完成式 10. 英语中有些表示要求、建议、提议、命令、意愿等的形容词、动词和名词，后面跟的表语从句、宾语从句或同位语从句中要求用虚拟语气，形式是动词原形或should+动词原形。 属于该类的形容词有：advisable desirable essential necessary important imperative insistent keen preferable urgent vital indispensable等 属于该类的动词有：advise ask beg decide demand desire determine insist propose order recommend request require resolve suggest urge等,属于该类的名词有：advice decision demand desire insistence instruction order motion preference proposal recommendation request requirement resolution suggestion等,虚拟语气重点掌握一些特殊形式的虚拟语气,1. 从句中有had, should, were, 将if省略，把had, should, were 放在从句句首采用倒装语序的虚拟条件句，,The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they were finished. A. could lose B. could have lost C. might lost D. ought to have lost,(B),There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _ a sudden loud noise. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been,(B),2. 从句和主句动作发生时间不一致的错综时间条件句，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式,If you _ Jerry Brown until recently, youd think the photograph on the right was strange. A. shouldnt contact B. didnt contact C. werent to contact D. hadnt contacted,(D),Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he _ our chairman now. A. must have been B. would have been C. must be D. would be,(D),3. 含蓄虚拟语气 通过介词或介词短语(without，but for)、上下文或其他方式(but, unfortunately, or, or else, otherwise)表现出来,A safety analysis _ the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done. A. would identify B. will identify C. would have identified D. will have identified,(C),_ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for,(B),4. 在某些宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中使用虚拟语气,Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being. You have just screwed up everything. A. did B. wont do C. wouldnt do D. didnt do,(D),The teacher suggested that each of the students _ a plan for the summer vacation. A. would make B. will make C. make D. made,(C),I had hoped that she _ my letter. A. would have answered B. answered C. had answered D. would answer,(D),6. 情态动词+完成时态表示虚拟语气,Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it _ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. A. is analyzed B. has been analyzed C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed,(C),It is necessary that one _ an entrance examination to be admitted to a college. A. will take B. take C. takes D. is to take,(B),5. 在有些状语从句中使用虚拟语气,Edison kept phosphorus carefully in a bottle lest it _. A. would burn B. burned C. had burned D. should burn,(D),If there were no friction, then nothing, _ a huge slab of stone or a tiny grain of sand, would ever stay out. A. it be B. be it C. was it D. it was,(B),He _ back to work without the doctors permission. Now, he has to stay in bed for a couple of days. A. neednt go B. wouldnt have gone C. shouldnt have gone D. mustnt go,(C),形容词和副词的级,1. 原级 1) 在肯定句中用“as+原形+as”结构，如：He can run as fast as I. 2) 在否定句中用“not +so/as+原形+as”结构，如： I didnt do so/as well as I should. 3) 修饰同级比较结构的词有：nearly, almost, just, exactly, half, 倍数，分数等 4) 常见的几种假比较形式（形式上是一种比较，实际为固定用法）有：as many/much as（多达）、as soon as（一就）、as good as（几乎，实际上）、as well as（连词，可以连接代词，名词，形容词，动词等，有多种含义）、as often as not（往往，经常）、not so muchas /notso much as /not so much as（与其说还不如说，更多的是而不是）、as+原形+as possible /one can（尽可能）,Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often _, or better than an actual performance. A. as good as B. as good C. good D. good as,(A),Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _ the atmosphere. A. as it is B. the same is C. so is D. and so is,(C),2.比较级 1) 由“比较级+than”构成，用于两者之间的比较 2) 可用much, far, rather, any, no, a lot, still, ever, a little, a bit, a great deal, 倍数等修饰 3) 两者间的比较，即使用了“the of the two”这一句型，也仍用比较级，如：Of the two shirts, this blue one is the prettier. 4)比较级+and+比较级结构表示“越来越” 5) the more the more结构表示“愈愈”，比较级前的the不能省 6)以-or结尾的形容词，如senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, posterior等用来进行两者比较时要用to，而不用than，形容词用原形 7)常见的几种假比较形式（形式上是一种比较，实际为固定用法）有：more A than B（与其说是A不如说是B，是A不是B，其中A和B必须同是名词或形容词）、 nothing less/more than 或little less/more than 或no less/more than（和一样，不亚于，完全是，简直是）、more often than not（往往，经常）、not more than（不多于）、not less than（不少于）、other than (不同于；除了)、rather than（而不是）,The heart is _ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. A. not so B. not much C. much more D. no more,(D),3. 最高级 1) “the+最高级+in/of”结构用于三个以上的人或物之间的比较，副词的最高级前的the可以不用 2)修饰最高级的词有：by far, by no means等 3)形容词最高级前面用不定冠词则表示“非常”的意思,形容词和副词的级重点掌握一些特殊的结构 如：as/than引导省略了主语的比较状语从句；just as so ; no more than; not any more than; not so much as ; still less,There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than _ in the public mind today. A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed,(A),There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, _ they can limit how much water you drink. A. much more than B. no more than C. no less than D. any more than,(D),A great many educators firmly believe that English is one of _ taught subjects in high schools today. A. the most poorly B. the most poor C. the poorest D. the poorliest,(A),非谓语动词,动词不定式 作主语、宾语、表语、补语、同位语、定语、状语、独立成分 动名词 - 作主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语、同位语,分词,现在分词 过去分词,- 表语、补语、定语、独立成分,非谓语动词重点掌握不定式、动名词和分词的用法 1. 哪些动词后接不定式; 哪些动词后接动名词; 哪些动词后既接不定式又可接动名词,有无区别,动词+不定式 eg. afford, agree, appear, decide, desire, expect, fail, guarantee, happen, have, hope, learn, intend, manage, need, plan, promise, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, wish, endeavor, etc. 动词+动名词 eg. appreciate, avoid, cant help, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, fancy, imagine, mind, practise, quit, recall, recommend, resent, risk, suggest, etc.,动词+不定式/动名词 eg. attempt, begin, start, go on, continue, hate, like, prefer, deserve, require, want, need, regret, forget, remember, stop, try, etc.,I appreciated _ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. A. having been given B. having given C. to have been given D. to have given,(A),2. 不定式与某些动词构成复合谓语: be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear, be likely, be certain, be sure, be unlikely, be destined 等,The local health organization is reported _ twenty-five years ago when Dr. Andon became its first president. A. to be set up B. being set up C. to have been set up D. having been set up,(C),3. 非谓语动词作定语 有些动词或形容词要求后接不定式,其同源名词也往往需要用不定式作定语, 如: promise, ability, ambition, chance, courage, method, decision, determination, effort, intention, need, tendency, etc.,The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _ his argument in favor of the new theory. A. which to base on B. on which to base C. to base on which D. which to be based on,(B),4. 分词作状语,_ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South. A. To be free B. Freeing C. To free D. Freed,(D),There seemed little hope that the explorer, _ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it. A. to be deserted B. having deserted C. to have been deserted D. having been deserted,(D),The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each _ one major point in contrast with the other. A. makes B. made C. is to make D. making,(D),All flights _ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. A. were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. having been canceled,(D),Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _ to the outside world. A. being lost B. having lost C. losing D. lost,(D),从句,定语从句,限制性从句 非限制性从句,状语从句,名词性从句,宾语从句 主语从句 表语从句 同位语从句,时间状语从句 原因状语从句 让步状语从句 条件