英语写作基础四种句型和改错.ppt

Simple, Compound, Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences in Your Writing,Once a writer knows the difference between the three sentence types (simple, compound, and complex), it is possible to write with sentence variety. Sentence variety helps make your writing more interesting.,Simple Sentence,A simple sentence contains a subject and verb. It expresses a single complete thought. A simple sentence is a single independent clause.,Sample Simple Sentences,The cat crept through the dark house. The wary mouse watched from underneath an upturned cereal box. The predatory cat stopped and surveyed his surroundings. The mouse darted for the safety of the nearly invisible hole under the cabinet.,Compound Sentences,A compound sentence contains two independent clauses. Conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, and yet, so) join these independent clauses. (Hint: The conjunctions spell FANBOYS.) The conjunction used can impact the meaning of the sentence.,Sample Compound Sentences,The cat was unsuccessful in his attempt to catch the mouse, and the mouse was equally as unlucky in his attempt to get the cheese. The dog had watched all of this, but he had refused to become involved. The mouse could wait until dark, or he could risk a daylight raid on the pantry. The cat usually slept during the day, yet curiosity held him at the corner of the kitchen.,Complex Sentences,A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A subordinating conjunction begins the dependent clauses. A dependent clause that begins a sentence must be followed by comma. A dependent clause has a subject and a verb, but it does not make sense on its own.,Subordinating Conjunctions,After how Until Although if Unless As in as much as if in order that When as long as At least Whenever as much as now that whereas soon wherever as though Since While because so that Before even if That even though though,Sample Complex Sentences,After he gave it some thought, the mouse decided to wait until later for his trek. The cat fell asleep on the warm kitchen because he was deprived of sleep the night before. When the mouse heard the soft snoring of his sleeping nemesis, he scurried to the pantry and grabbed enough food for a week.,Compound-Complex Sentences,A compound-complex sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. The same subordinating conjunctions are used to introduce the dependent clauses. The same coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) are used for joining the independent clauses.,Sample Compound-Complex Sentences.,After the two adversaries had spent years playing this “cat and mouse” game, they were joined by their children, and the fun continued. Even though it seems the two were bent on the others destruction, the cat and mouse were rather fond of one another, and neither wanted the others defeat. This game was begun thousands of years ago, and it will continue far into the future as other cats and mice revel in hide-and-seek.,Test Yourself Simple, Compound, Complex, or Compound-Complex?,1. The teacher walked into the classroom, greeted the students, and took attendance. 2. Juan played football while Jane went shopping. 3. Juan played football, yet Jim went shopping. 4. Although Mexico has a better team, they lost the tournament, and their more aggressive style did not pay off. 5. The island was filled with many trails winding through the thick underbrush, a small lake, and dangerous wild animals. 6. Naoki passed the test because he studied hard, but Stacy did not understand the material.,Common errors,A. run-on sentences 串句 B. fragmentary sentences 破句 C. faulty parallelism 错误平行结构,A. run-on sentences,A run-on sentence incorrectly runs two independent clause without a conjunction or punctuation.,Rita decided to stop smoking she didnt want to die of lung cancer. The exam was postponed the class was canceled as well.,串句修改方法,1. 将其分成两个句子 2. 用连接词连接两个句子，连词前加逗号 3. 用分号连接两个句子 Page 24, 33, 35,fragmentary sentences 破句,Every sentence must have a subject and a verb and must express a complete thought. A word group that lacks a subject or a verb and that does not express a complete thought is a fragment.,B.1从属连词引起的破句,After I arrived in Chicago by bus. I checked into a room. Before I took theflight. 修改方法： 1.将破句和其前后的句子连上 2.增添主句 3. 去掉从属连词而且通过并列连词，介词短语或动词不定式把句子连接起来。 Page 41,B.2 ing分词和不定式引起的破句,I could not find a space until I dorve to the last parking lot. As a result, being late for class. I plan on working overtime. To get this job finished. Otherwise, my boss may getb angry at me.,修改方法： 1. 为破句添加合适的主语 2. 让该破句与前后的句子连接 3. 必要时可以把-ing形式或者不定式转换成动词的适当形式,It is a heavy burden for students to work part-time. Especially for those who want to study. He failed a number of courses before he earned his degree. Among them, English 1, Economics, and General Biology.,B.3 增加细节引起的破句,修改方法： 1. 将其与前面句子连接。 2. 为破句添加主语和谓语 3. 改变若干词,B.4 缺少主语的破句,One example of my fathers generosity is that he visits sick friens in the hospital. And takes along get-well cards with a few dollars folded in them. Sarah looked with admiration at the stunningly attractive model. And wondered how the model looked upon waking up in the morning.,修改方法： 1. 将破句与前句连接 2. 为破句添加主语 Page 50,Faulty parallelism错误平行结构,By placing two or more ideas of equal value in the same grammatical form will enable us to expressed these ideas clearly and emphatically.,Her office is small, chilly and dirty. I enjoy football and hockey. I want to learn English, and she wants to learn French.,She works dilignetly and at night. He spends a great deal of money and foolishly. He wants either to study English Literature or study World History.,1.改正错用的并列连词 2. 多项平行 3. 注意错误的省略 4. 用than或as引出的比较,1.改正错用的并列连词,Shakespeare, romantic and mysterious, and who wrote many masterpieces, deserves our respect. Shakespeare, who was romantic and mysterious, wrote many masterpieces, deserves our respect.,1.改正错用的并列连词,He has either to major in English or major in French. He has either to major in English or French.,2. 多项平行,Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, offers convenience, and it is not very expensive. Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, convenient and inexpensive.,2. 多项平行,When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, and then we went to sleep after eating our lunch. When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, ate our lunch and went to sleep.,3. 注意错误的省略,has/ have, will, shall 等结构并列时 I always have and always will cherish our friendship. I have always have cherished and will always cherish our friendship.,3. 注意错误的省略,I have and will walk to school everyday. I have walked and will walk to school everyday.,4. 用than或as引出的比较,Peters walkman is as expensive as Michael. Peters walkman is as expensive as Michaels.,4. 用than或as引出的比较 P64,Your dog is cuter than me. Your dog is cuter than mine. P64,D. Misplaced Modifiers错位的修饰词,Misplaced Modifiers are words that, because of awkward placement, do not describe the words the writer intended them to describe. They often confuse the meaning of a sentence. To avoid this problem, place modifiers as close possible to what they modify.,Bill yelled at the dog in his underwear. Bill, in his underwear, yelled at the dog.,Tony smiled at the baby in the car. In the car, Tony smiled at the baby,修改要点,1. only，just, almost 和nearly等修饰语尽量置于被修饰部分前面。 2.时间、地点和方式状语置于句首可避免产生歧义 3. 难以找到固定位置的状语成分最好放在句首 4. which和what引导的从句应该紧跟被修饰词语 5. 为避免歧义，不要把修饰语置于前后两个均可被修饰的部分中间。 P67,E. Dangling modifiers