大学英语英国历史文化第一单元TheBirthofaNation.ppt

The Origins of a Nation,Unit 1,1,2,3,Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury. One of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. The site and its surroundings were added to the UNESCOs list of World Heritage Sites in 1986.,4,The Origins of a Nation,I. Early Settlers (5000BC-55BC) II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD) III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) IV. Viking and Danish invasions V. Norman Conquest of 1066,5,I. Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）,The Celts began to move to Britain about 700 BC. The Celts lived in much of western and central Europe at the time. Their language, the Celtic, was the earliest known language in what is now Britain.,6,II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD),1. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. 2. Romans influence on Britain The Romans built many towns, roads, baths, temples and buildings. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.,7,8,III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871),1. The Three Germanic Tribes In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Angles, and Saxons came to Britain. They were three Germanic tribes.,9,III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871),2The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity. The early Anglo-Saxons believed in natural forces, such as storms, winds and thunders. (Engels Quotation) St. Augustine and others from Rome successfully converted the leaders in tribes to Christianity. The process was gradual, but by the end of the 7th century all England had been Christianized.,10,11,IVViking and Danish invasions,1The Invasion The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. 2King Alfred the Great(849-899) Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.,12,VThe Norman Conquest (1066),1Reasons for Williams invasion of England after Edwards death It was said that King Edward had promised the English throne to William, but finally Harold was chosen as the king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.,13,VThe Norman Conquest (1066),2The Norman Conquest and its consequences William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.,14,15,King Edward the Confessor (1042-1066),King Harold,Brother of Edwards wife,Earl of Wessex,William the Conqueror,Edwards cousin,Duke of Normandy,Presentation Topics,King Arthur Alfred the Great The Norman Conquest of 1066 The Venerable Bede (Read More),16,The Development of English Vocabulary,Historical Development The Original Inhabitants and the Languages The Old English (450-1100AD) The Middle English (1100-1500AD) The Modern English (1500- present),17,The Original Inhabitants and the Languages before Anglo-Saxons invasion The first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts. Their languages were dialects of Celtic. Celts Celtic Angles, Saxons, Jutes Anglo-Saxon,18,A. Old English (4501100 AD),after 450, the Anglo-Saxon languages (old English). the 6th century, the introduction of some Latin words with the introduction of Christianity. 9th century, with the Norwegian and Danish invasion, the introduction of Scandinavian words ( Old Norse).,19,B. Middle English (11001500 AD),1) 1066, Norman conquest, about 9,000 French words came into English. Three languages French, English and Latin coexisted for over a century. 2) the end of 13th century, English regained its social status.,20,C. Modern English (1500present),1) in the early period of Modern English, with Renaissance, translators brought enormous wordsover 10,000 from Latin and Greek. 2) In the mid-seventeenth century, England experienced the Industrial Revolution and rose to be great economic power. With the growth of colonization, British tentacles began stretching out to every corner of the globe, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.,21,b) Late modern English 1) Marked progress of science and technology: Biology and chemistry: astrobiology, astrochemistry Space science: space shuttle, earthrise, parking orbits Medicine: retrovirus, open heart surgery Atomic technology: fallout, irradiation,22,The Development of English Language,A. Old English (450-1100AD) Angles, Saxons, Jutes Anglo-Saxon Scandinavian conquest Old Norse Introduction of Christianity Latin B. Middle English (1100-1500AD) Norman conquest (1066) French C. Modern English (1500- present) Renaissance Greek, Latin,23,24,The introduction of Christianity,Norwegian and Danish invasion,The Norman Conquest,The Renaissance,25,Thor God of Thunder,Viking Gods,Vikings worshiped many different gods. Soon after they settled in England, they changed the religion to Christianity. Woden, also known as Odin,