NewElectricPotentialEnergyandMeasureMethodfor.doc

精品论文new electric potential energy and measure method formagnetic potentialwu mengqi 1, 2 ，wei yulan 2 ，wu wei 31 the 802nd research institute，shanghai bureau of astronautics technology，shanghai（200090）2 zhengtai light & electricity research institute，shanghai（200090）3 shanghai office of stmicroelectronics (shanghai) co.，ltd.，shanghai （200090）e-mail：abstractbased on lagrangian and a-b effect experiment, a kind of new electric potential energy that obtained by electron or other charged body in magnetic field has been looked. this new electric potential energyis a chiral potential energy. it is dependent of magnetic potential and that is independent of magnetic induction intensity. in this paper, the measure method and definition or magnetic potential aredemonstrated, the metrical data of magnetic potential at surface of a magnet is showed, a newviewpoint that magnetic potential is the momentum of unit charge in magnetic field is put forward, and a new hall effect that is produced by magnetic potential is predicted.keywords：chiral potential energy，magnetic potential1introductionas everyone knows that a moving electron experiences a lorentz force in a magnetic field, but nobody thinks that it can also obtain potential energy in a magnetic field. according to lagrangiang gg- 7 -1-3, the potential energy expression can be written ase a = ev awhere vdenotes electronicvelocity, a denotes magnetic potential. the new potential energy is a chiral potential energy as well as independent of magnetic induction b . therefore, it is indispensable that the chiral potential energy must be included into current electromagnetic theory when all laws of electron will be fullydescribed (see section 2). we demonstrate a measure method of a (see section 3). we also demonstrate physical meaning and unit of a (see section 4). finally, we have suggested a new halleffect that is produced by a and can be verified experimentally (see section 5). in addenda a, weg gdemonstrate that an experiment for directly testing the potential energyev ahas been accomplishedby chanbers in 1960 4. it is the famous experiment ofa beffect in quantum mechanics 5-10.after calculate phase difference of interference fringe, we discover thata beffect experiment justwas a proof that moving electrons obtained potential energy in magnetic field (see section 3).2new potential energy and its chiralityavaccording to lagrangian, a moving electron in magnetic field can also obtain potential energyavand its expression can be written asge = e g a . the new potential energye = e g a isindependent of magnetic induction b , and is a chiral potential energy. for instance, an electron gainsa positive e awhen clockwise rotating in magnetic field or around a magnet; it will gain a negativee a when counter clockwise rotating. as everyone knows lagrangian, but nobody thinks that electroncan also obtain potential energy in a magnetic field, and that energy can has chirality up to now.gtherefore, the new potential energye a = ev ais not study up to now.ggwith an electron moves in magnetic field, it will be subjected to lorentz forcev b , andg ggobtain potential energyev aand momentumea according to lagrangian and hamiltoniangrespectively. the lorentz force is only dependent of b . the potential energy and momentum areggdependent of a , but independent of b . therefore, only using lorentz force formula and currentelectromagnetic theory to describe all laws of electron is impossible. we believe to include the laws ofgmagnetic potential aof lagrangian and hamiltonian is essential in current electromagnetic theory.3a measure method and some result for a on surface of magnetas everyone knows that the magnetic potential is not a measurable physical quantity in electromagnetism, then nobody studied its measure method and unit up to now. by faradays homopolar generator experiment 11-12, we not only proved that magnetic potential can be ameasurable physical quantity but also obtained its measure method and unit.g gaccording towritten ase = ev a , the electric potential difference between points o and p can begggg(5) = vp ap vo aogwhere vpgand voare velocity of both ends of ogp respectively;ap andgao are magneticpotential at both ends of ogp respectively; just is motional emf between points o and p . it is equivalent as a rule expression of motional emf (see addenda b).gsincevo = 0gin fig. 1, we obtaing(6) = vp ap = 2rap= gggwherevp = 2re ,apis tangential component of a on point p . that is acan beggwritten asa = ap e . by eq. (6), we haveap= / 2rand = / .r = 3.5, z = 3.0pconductor1gscnzpermanent magnetr = 0, z = 0o gb afigure 1 schematic diagram for faradays homopolar generator experiment. the current in loop ogpco is adirect current when the rotational speed of permanent magnet or conductor ogp is constant. theresistance of loop is 10.7 ohm. the rotation speed of electromotor is39.5s 1 . the permanent magnet is 7.0cmin diameter and 6.0cm in length. the minimal read number of the galvanometer g is 0.01ma.the experiment results and many values for andapon surface of magnet, and areshown in table 1.table 1 the experiment results for magnetic potential on surface of magnet.points p :z (cm)0001.02.03.04.01.0r (cm)i ( ma )0.110.982.082.603.103.363.15 ( mv )1.1810.522.327.833.236.033.763.203.824.143.88ap ( 10vs / m )0.413.627.689.6011,412.411.6 ( 103wb )where iwas direct current from the read number of galvanometer g in loop ogpco ;1 = 10.7ohm i ,ap= / 2r , = / and = 39.5s .g4the physical meaning and unit for aa moving electron in magnetic field will obtain momentumgpa = eagaccording toghamiltonian, then physical meaning of a can be obtained from momentumea . we think that ais a momentum of unit charge in magnetic field. it can be called charge magnetic momentum. thegmeasurable effect of ais changes of wavelength and frequency of charged particle. the changegquantity can be written as = h / 2 eaand = h / ev aaccording to de broglie formulagp = h / and planck formulae = ha respectively. therefore, the magnetism potential ais aphysical quantity that can describe the wave characteristic of charged particle in electromagneticsgg gdirecily. further, to describe magnetic field must use both of b and a , and thene a = ev aandggpa = eaall must be the basic laws of electromagnetics. in fact, it is impossible that all laws ofgelectron and other charged particle in magnetic field are described by b .we have = va ora = / vin faradays homopolar generator experiment. therefore, thedefinition of unit of a can be based on lagrangian and faradays homopolar generator experiment,and that one unit of a just produces one volt of motional emf whenv = 1m / s . that is 1 unit of aequles to new unit.1vs / mon surface of magnet in faradays homopolar generator experiment. this unit ison the other hand, the measure method and unit definition of magnetic flux and magnetic induction b also can be based on lagrangian and faradays homopolar generator experiment. by = / , we have equles to1wbif = 1vand = 1s 1or = 0.1vand = 10s 1 . by = r 2 b , we haveb = / r 2 , then b equles to 1tif = 1v , = 10s 1andr = (10 )1 / 2 m 0.178m .5the hall effect for aggas everyone knows that the hall effects are produced by lorentz force i.e.gev b , thennobody thinks that the hall effect can also be produced whenb = 0up to now. we demonstrate it ispossible that the hall effect can be produced whenggb = 0becausegv ais electric potential andonly produced by a . for instance, supposing that a hall sensor has a center hole at its face, and aglong and thin solenoid pass through the hole. although bis equal to zero on the hall sensor, themoving electrons of hall sensor still can obtain different electric potential on both side of solenoid.g gg gaccording tov a , hall emf can be equal to the difference between two electric potentialv a onboth side of solenoid. this hall effect is produced by a , and differs from the known hall effect which it is produced by b .6conclusionthe electron in magnetic field can obtain the chiral potential energy that is one kind of newenergy. it is very important for understandinga beffect and other chirality and asymmetry innature. based on lagrangian, faradays homopolar generator experiment andga beffect, we thinkthat the magnetic field must be describeed by using bgand a at the same time. a completeelectromagnetic theory must contain all laws of a , in particular, chiral potential energy. thegmagnetic potential ais also a measurable physical quantity and can be called charge magneticmomentum. its unit is that 1 unit of a equles to1vs / m .the authors are grateful for this article had brought forward much helpful idea by professor fanhongchang.addenda a: to test new potential energy experimentallyg gan experiment for directly testing the potential energyev ais famousa beffectexperiment in quantum mechanics. ina beffect experiment, two electron beams which areproduced from the same source, after passing through sides of a long and thin solenoid, respectively,gmeet again and form interference fringe. on orbits of two electron beams, magnetic induction b isgequal to zero i.e. the lorentz forceev b 0 , but magnetic potential is not equal to zero. by planckgformulae = h , it is possible to test the potential energye a = ev aof electron on both sides ofsolenoid via shift of interference fringe that produced by change of electron frequency in effect experiment.a bg gaccording toe a = ev aande = h , the additional frequency can be written asg g = e a / hi.e. = ev a / h . the additional phase shift of electrons in dt can bewritten asg = 2dti.e.g = 2ea d a / hwhere d ais equal toggvdt . let a randa l denote electronic orbits on the both sides respectively, prandpl denote the intermediategpoints at a rgand a lrespectively, andp pdenotes difference between two total additional phaselr lshifts when electrons at the prlland therpl respectively. we obtainr l aprplepr ggp gg(1) p p =o rd oa d = (oaga d a oaa d a)where point o is origin point ofa r anda l . if denotes the total phase difference between twoelectron beams at interference point p , thenep ggp ggeggeggb = = (o a d a o a d a) = a d a = s ds(2)a ra lgwhere s is the area surrounded by = e / =a r anda l . eq. (2) also can be(3)where is total magnetic flux passing though the s . this agrees with the experimental valuesin thea beffect.gg gin fact, byge a = evacos gwhere a cincture solenoid, thecos on orbita r is differ fromcos on orbita l , then phase difference of two electron beams wasproduced by potential energy difference of two electron beams. that is the interference fringe shiftg gprove that the electron on both sides of solenoid all obtained the potential energyge a = ev a .calculation for phase shifts by momentumgea . theand still can be calculated byp pr lusing momentump = eaand de broglie formulap = h / . let dadenotes moving distanceof electrons on orbits. we can obtain that de broglie wavelength number n at dais equal toda / , thenn = da / 2where nlis additional wavelength number that is produced bythe wavelength change lat da . on the other hand, bygp = h / , we havegp = h / 2 .here isn = pda / h , i.e.n = p d a / h , orn = ea d a / h , thenprplpggpgg pr pl= 2 (n n) = e ( r=oa ra d a r oaa d a l )(4)oa rggoa lgwheregea d ais projection of momentum ond a . the projection ona r is different from it ona l . the phase difference of two electron beams indifference of two electron beams momentum.a beffect still was produced by projectionby above analysis, thea beffect can obtain a classical explanation. this explanation also is aproof that quantum physics has no differ from classical physics ina beffect. although quantumphysics has no the concept of chiral potential energy, but it has been used the laws that electron can obtain momentum and potential energy in magnetic field via lagrangian and hamiltonian. in fact, thechange of wave function phase factor ina beffect is produced by that two electron beamsobtained different momentum and different potential energy in magnetic field. it is necessary to including lagrangian and hamiltonian in electromagnetism for that quantum physics has no differ fromg gclassical physics. we can also obtain two new formulae, they areea = h / 2 .addenda b: two motional emf expressionsev a = handgggggggtwo motional emf expressionsequivalent as a rule. = vp ap vo aoand = ogp(v b) d aarein fig. 1, the expression of motional emf can also begg = ogp(v b) d a(7)gggwhere vis relative velocity between magnet and d aof conductor, bis magnetic inductiongggintensity atd a . in eq. (7), the vonly appear tangential component; the distribution of b isggsymmetrical and independent of rotational speed . letgb(br , b , bz ) , thenv = 2re ,d a(da r , da , da z )and(8) = ogp 2(rbz da r + rbr da z ) = sogp(bz dsr + br ds z ) = ( r + z ) = wheresogpis surface that formed by rotation of conductor ogp around magnet.dsr = 2rda randds z = 2rda zare area element of ring. their radius are r , width areda randda zrespectively. zand rare flux crossing thesogpin directions of z and r respectively. is total flux crossing thesogp .letsocpis surface that formed by rotation of line ocp around axis z . the flux crossing thesogpas(9)is same with that crossi