何玲语言学教程导读.ppt

1,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,2,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,胡壮麟,胡壮麟，男，1933年3月生，上海市人。北京大学英语系教授、博士生导师。 研究方向涉及：国外语言学理论与流派、功能语言学、语用学、文体学、语篇分析、英语教学法、语言规划、符号学等。 主要著作语言学教程。,3,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,语言学教程,The book covers 12 chapters It is easy to read and understand,4,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,Chapter One Invitations to Linguistics,Chapter Two Speech Sounds,Chapter Three Lexicon,Chapter Four From Word to Text,Chapter Five Meaning,Chapter Six Language and Cognition,Chapter Seven Language, Culture, and Society,Chapter Eight Language in Use (Pragmatics),Chapter 9 Language and Literature,Chapter 10 Language and the Computer,Chapter 11,Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching,Chapter 12 Theories of Linguistics,16,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,The main questions discussed in this book.,17,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,1. Why Study Language?,18,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,1.1 Some myths about language,Language is only a means of communication. Language has a form-meaning correspondence. The function of language is to exchange information. English is more difficult to learn than Chinese. Black English is not standard and should be reformed.,19,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,2 、Whats language?,Laymen definitions Language is what we do things with Language is what I think with Language is used for communication Language is what I speak with Language is what I write with,20,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,“Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” -Ronald Wardhaugh: Introduction to Linguistics (1977),21,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,“Language is a means of verbal communication.” It is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.,22,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,3. Design Features of Language,Language distinguishes human beings from animals in that it is far more sophisticated than any animal communication system.,23,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,Human language is unique,Arbitrariness,Duality,Creativity,Displacement,24,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,3.1 Arbitrariness,The dog barks wow wow in English but “汪汪汪” in Chinese.,25,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,3.2 Duality,Primary units words (meaningful) consist of secondary units sounds (meaningless).,26,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,3.3 Creativity,Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings. Words can be used in new ways to mean new things, and can be instantly understood by people who have never come across that usage before.,27,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,Creativity,一天，一个不明飞行物从桂林上空飞过。10秒钟后，有人在荔浦县城看到三个小矮人。他们左手握着冲锋枪，右手拿着大哥大，头戴红军帽，口里唱着刘三姐主题歌。,28,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,3.4 Displacement,Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.,29,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,Displacement,Thus, we can refer to Confucius, or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead for over 2550 years and the second is situated far away from us.,30,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,4. Origin of language,The Divine origin: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” (Gospel, John 1:1),31,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,As the opening book of the Old Testament, It tells about the creation of the universe, the origin of the mankind, the beginning of sin and suffering in the world.,32,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,According to the story of creation, God creates the world. God first create the universe; The earth is the only member; Mercury(水星）(信使神) ; Venus（金星）(爱神) ; Mars（火星）(战神) Jupiter（木星）(天神),33,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,Formless; desolate; raging ocean; darkness; God commanded: “let there be light” He separate light from darkness; He named light “Day” and the darkness “ Night”; That was Day One (Sunday),34,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,Day Two (Monday) God made a dome and it separated the water, he named the dome “Sky”. Evening passed and morning came, that was the second day.,35,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,Day Three (Tuesday) God commanded “let the water come together, so that the land appear”. He named the land “ Earth” and the water “Sea” Let the land produce plants,36,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,The Tower of Babylon( 巴比伦之塔） One language Wandered in the East and settled in it. Lets make bricks and build a tower This challenged the original will of God, They will do anything they want,37,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,God commanded: Mix up the language so that they could not understand each other.,38,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,英语中12个月名称的由来,公历一年有12个月，但不少人并不知道12 个月的英语名称的来历。公历起源于古罗马历法。罗马的英语原来只有10 个月，古罗马皇帝决定增加两个月放在年尾，后来朱里斯凯撒大帝把这两个月移到年初，成为1月、2月，原来的1月、2月便成了3月、4月，依次类推。这就是今天世界沿用的公历。,39,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,January-1月,在罗马传说中，有一位名叫雅努斯的守护神，生有先后两副脸，一副回顾过去，一副要眺望未来。人们认为选择他的名字作为除旧迎新的第一个月月名，很有意义。英语January，便是由这位守护神的拉丁文名字January演变而来的。,40,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,February-2月,每年2 月初，罗马人民都要杀牲饮酒，欢庆菲勃卢姆节。这一天，人们常用一种牛、草制成的名叫Februa的鞭子，抽打不育的妇女，以求怀孕生子。这一天，人们还要忏悔自己过去一年的罪过，洗刷自己的灵魂，求得神明的饶恕，使自己成为一个贞洁的人。英语2月February，便是由拉丁文Februar-ius（即菲勃卢姆节）演变而来。,41,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,The sources of English language,Indo -European (8 language groups),42,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,1. IndoIranian(伊朗语系的） 2. American 3. Slavic（斯拉夫语 ） 4. Hellenic（古希腊语系) 5. Italic（意大利语） 6. Celtic（剀尔特语） 8.Germanic(English,German, Dutch)（印欧语系的）,43,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,English belonged to Indo-European language, which includes most of the languages of Europe and India.,44,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,Historical view of the English vocabulary,Old English(450-1150) Middle English(1150-1500) Modern English(1500-now),45,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,公元年，罗马人结束了对英国的占领，随后，来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落：昂格鲁人（Angles)，撒克逊人，和朱尔特人开始到不列颠定居英语就是盎格鲁撒克逊的人的语言 古英语时期（又称盎格鲁-撒克逊时期 the Anglo-Saxon Period）,46,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,Middle English(1150-1500),公元6世纪末基督教会来到不列颠岛，这是英语史上的一件大事，标志着英语开始受到拉丁语的影响。英语原本是盎格鲁萨克森语，属于日耳曼语的一种。拉丁语的传入是它受到的第一次文化入侵，以后这样的“侵略”还发生过两次。,47,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,经过这几次文化入侵，英语的词汇就变的非常丰富。同一个意思往往有三种词汇可以表达，一种是英语本身的词，另一种是从法语引进的词，还有一种是从拉丁语引进的词。比如“时代”这个意思，英语本身的词是time，从法语引进的词是age，从拉丁语引进的词是epoch。,48,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,英语是来自拉丁语的语言，实际上是不完全对的，因为按照通用的语言学的研究，英语来自跟罗曼语族（即是拉丁语族，意大利语族）并立的日尔曼语族，但是英语在形成过程中受到了拉丁语族的重大影响。 * 英语字母是源于拉丁字母，拉丁字母源于希腊字母。 * 在古代，北欧和当今德国的大部分地区的人被称作日尔曼人，他们使用的古语，被称作日尔曼语（Germanic）。 * 古日尔曼人的几个族在大约公元5世纪左右入侵大不列颠岛，这些部族包括盎格魯、撒克逊族（Anglo-Saxon），即为现今英格兰人的祖先。 * 古英语源自入侵大不列颠岛的部族带来的日尔曼语。,49,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,The first English dictionary were printed in Latin Robert Caswdreys Table Alphabetical of Hard Word,50,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,5. Functions of language,Linguists talk about the functions of language in an abstract sense, that is, not in terms of using language to chat, to think, to buy and sell, to read and write, to greet, praise and condemn people, etc. They summarize these practical functions and attempt some broad classifications of the basic functions of language.,51,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,5.1 Informative function,Language is the instrument of thought and people often feel need to speak their thoughts aloud. The use of language to record the facts is a prerequisite of social development. This is indeed a crucial function of language.,52,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,5.2 Interpersonal function,In the framework of functional grammar, it is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addressers attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.,53,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,For example, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves (e.g. Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny, yours, your obedient servant) indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.,54,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,5.3 Performative function,This concept originates from the philosophical study of language represented by Austin and Searle, whose theory now forms the back-bone of pragmatics. (Chapter 8) For example, I now declare the meeting open, I bet you two pounds it will rain tomorrow.,55,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say 岁岁平安 as a means of controlling the invisible forces which the believers feel might affect their lives adversely.,56,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,5.4 Emotive function,The emotive function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. e.g. God, My, Damn it, What a sight, Wow, Ugh, Oh.,57,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,5.5 Phatic communion,It refers to the social interaction of language, originating from Malinowskis study of the functions of language performed by Trobriand Islanders. For example, Mrs. P sneezes violently. Mrs. Q: Bless you. Mrs. P: Thank you.,58,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,5.6 Recreational function,The recreational function of a language is often overlooked because it seems so restrictive in purpose and supposedly so limited in usefulness. However, no one will deny the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a babys babbling or a chanters chanting.,59,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,To take one example, the well-known movie刘三姐features a scene of “对歌” (song dueling) mostly for the sheer joy of playing on language.,60,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,5.7 Metalingual function,Our language can be used to talk about itself. To organize any written text into a coherent whole, writers employ certain expressions to keep their readers informed about where they are and where they are going.,61,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,For instance, instead of saying The lion chased the unicorn all round the town, they say All around the town the lion chased the unicorn.,A unicorn,62,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,This is the metalingual function of language and meshes with the thematic function of language in functional grammar. It makes the language infinitely self-reflexive: We human beings can talk about talk and think about thinking, and thus only humans can ask what it means to communicate, to think, to be human.,63,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,6. What is Linguistics?,The scientific study of human language Aims of linguistic theory: 1. What is knowledge of language? (Competence) 2. How is knowledge of language acquired? (Acquisition) 3. How is knowledge of language put to use? (Performance/language processing),64,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,7. Main branches of linguistics,Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics,65,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,7.1 Phonetics,Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc.,66,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,7.2 Phonology,Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure.,67,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,7.3 Morphology,Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaningmorphemes and word-formation processes. Although many people think of words as the basic meaningful elements of a language，many words can be broken down into still smaller units, called morphemes.,68,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,7.4 Syntax,Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct sentences.,69,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,We know that words are organized into structures more than just word order. a. The children watched the firework from the hill . b. The children watched the firework from the hill . The chicken is too hot to eat.,70,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,7.5 Semantics,Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it, e.g. meaning of morphemes and sentences.,71,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,7.6 Pragmatics,Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which the many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation. In other words, pragmatics is concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is internally structured.,72,崔建斌：语言学教程（第三版），2008,8. Macrolinguistics,Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, the science of law and artificial intelligence etc. are al