托福独立写作-支持段.ppt

托福独立写作之支持段,why,O.G. (第四版) P207 How Essays Are Scored 评分人会评估考生作文的质量，即评估考生如何展开论点、组织文章结构，并运用语言表达自己的观点。 展开论点就是用各种支持内容（包括事例、细节、理由等）来支持文章的观点。要得高分，就得按照评分指导的原则写作文-“很好地展开论点、运用恰当清晰的解释、例证和细节”。,what,组织结构： 1. 基本展开模式 内容展开： 2. 如何写作 3. 注意点 4. 练习,基本展开模式,TS+Exp+Exa+Cc 一、主题句 二、解释 三、举例与细节 四、结论 Young people now are more likely to help others than young people were in the past. (2013. 1. 26 CN),主题句示例,1.Working at home or working in the office. (2010.6.12) Working at home is more convenient 2.Travelling or saving money.(2009.3.14) Traveling makes people healthier,主题句示例,3.Parents should encourage their children to do their homework independently rather than help them to do it. (2011.11.12) Allowing children to do their work independently helps build confidence.,主题句示例,4.Governments should focus on the preservation of the environment than on the economic development. (2009.3.22) The developing countries like Africa should focus on the economic development. 直接简短表达观点,避免婉转冗长,一、不用冗长模板 The first reason here should be 二、适宜用短句： 1.If people often go travelling, they will be healthier. 2.When we talk about old people, I think they can be better taken care of if they live in the big cities.,主题句练习,2012年10月14日 NA If parents want their children to perform well in school, they should limit the hours that their children spend watching TV. TS：watching TV will distract students from their schoolwork.,主题句练习,2012年3月10日 NA If you need to discuss upsetting or controversial problems with others, you will use e-mail or text messaging, OR use the telephone or voice-messaging. TS：using text messaging to discuss such problems can help me calm down and think twice before arriving at a solution.,解释,1. Why-为什么要这样？ 2. How-怎么会这样？ 3. What-这样了又怎么样？ 4. If not-不这样会怎样？ 视情况而定,解释示例,Watching movies at home is more convenient. How(怎么会这样) 2.Parents helping children do their homework can save a lot of time. What(这样了又怎么样）,解释示例,3. Parents letting children make mistakes and learning from mistakes can make children impressed. Why(为什么要这样) 4. For some special mistakes, parents should stop them in time. If not(不这样会这样) Common sense: exercise is good for health,举例与细节,细节对主题句关键字或者关键情节的细化 高科技通讯设备让我们保持联系，分享经历 1. 高科技电话、短信、微博、语聊 2. 经历求学、求职、旅游、交友 Using machines to do work is much faster and more efficient than using your hands to do it. Machines: washing machine; computer,举例,1 细例 2 范例,细例,Learning about life by listening to the advice of others or through personal experience? Finally, I think it is important to learn about life through personal experience because it s a much more interesting way to learn. If one never experienced anything for oneself, life would be very boring. (For example, a friend told me that Urumchi was a city that I would not enjoy visiting. He said there were not many attractions there, and there were many other beautiful places in China that I should go instead. In spite of this warning, I went to see Urumchi for myself. I did not think the city was spectacular, but I did have a good time on my trip, and was glad that I went. Having this experience of going to the place was worthwhile enough for me.),细例,Land for human needs or endangered animals? One of the important reasons to protect endangered animals is that the delicate ecological balance of an area might be irreparably harmed by their extinction. (For example, if humans chop down forests and use the land to grow corn, they might simultaneously destroy the habitats of a kind of bird that eats locusts. The next year because the locust population can grow unchecked, locusts might destroy the entire nearby corn crop. Not only do the birds lose their homes, but humans are also harmed.) The ecological balance of many natural habitats is still not well understood and humans interfere in it at their peril.,泛例,Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Many people believe that the main measure of success is happiness, rather than material goods. Without happiness, even a person with money, status and children would not be successful. However, 1a low paid schoolteacher might think he/she was very successful if he/she succeeded in getting children to learn their material well. 2Or perhaps a housewife, who makes no money of her own, would feel successful if she raised a healthy, well-adjusted child and kept her home looking wonderful.,泛例,Do famous athletes and entertainers deserve high salaries? Second, these stars deserve to make a lot of money because they must give up their privacy to serve the public. 1As soon as stars leave their homes, they are subjected to constantly being pestered by people who want their autographs or want to take pictures of them. 2Famous people must und