青岛滨海学院课程.ppt

青岛滨海学院精品课程,英语精品课程 孙敏副教授,第一章 翻译的性质，标准及要求 第二章 翻译的过程 第三章 英汉语言对比分析 第四章 英汉文化对比分析 第五章 辨证施治 第六章 重在交际 第七章 慎与修辞 第八章力戒“翻译体”,英语精品课程,第二章 翻译的过程,2.1 正确理解 2.2 如何实现正确理解 2.3 充分表达,目录,2.1.1 正确理解,Part One 理论 一正确理解：即正确把握原文的思想内容、感情和风格等的过程。 方法： （1）从整体到局部 （2）从局部到整体 即先进行宏观分析，再进行微观研究，微观和宏观相结合。试译下述句子： I had not known him for 20 years without learning that he always kept in the upper left pocket of his waistcoat the little book in which he put down his engagements,目录,2.1.1 正确理解,二正确理解过程： 分析句子的结构框架弄清各部分之间的语法关系； 此句由一个主句 “I had not known him for 20 years ” 和 两个分句 “that he always kept in the upper left pocket of his waistcoat the little book”和 “in which he put down his engagements”组成。 (2) 分析各部分在整个框架中的语义关系; 第一个分句是“learning”的宾语从句，第二个分句是定语从句，修饰限定 “book”。 （3） 根据汉语表达习惯将全文译出： 我认识他已20年之久，知道他马甲左上方的那个口袋里，总是放着一个小本本，里面写着他的约会安排。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,实践 1 实践 9 实践 16 实践 2 实践 10 实践 17 实践 3 实践 11 实践 18 实践 4 实践 12 实践 19 实践 5 实践 13 实践 20 实践 6 实践 14 实践 8 实践 15,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,1、After repeated failures and disappointments he was tempted to throw up the sponge, but continued perseverance finally brought success. 多次的失败和失望险些让他自暴自弃，但是坚持不懈的努力最终给他带来了成功。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,2、The passenger declared that he had lost his ticket, but the inspector suspected that he was trying it on, and that actually he had not paid for fare. 这位乘客声称丢失火车票，检票员怀疑他实际上没有买票，而想蒙混过关。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,3.The discussion as to whether or not the defaulting company was liable to pay damages turned upon the meaning of a word in the contract. 关于该违约公司是否赔偿顺势的讨论，取决于合同中一个词的含义。,实践,目录,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,4、If he refuses to take my advice on this occasion, as he has done so often before, I shall wash my hands of the affair, and he can fend for himself. 如果他此时像往常那样拒不接受我的建议，我将不再插手此事，他可自行处理。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,5、There are a few creases in the jacket, where it has been folded up in a suitcase, but they will wear out. 由于在箱子里折迭存放，夹克衫留下了几道折痕，但是这些折痕会消失的。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,6、A reward of 5 will be paid to anyone who shall give information leading to the apprehension of the thief. 凡提供缉拿小偷的线索者，均可获赏金5英镑。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,7、There are still those who are proud of their old school tie; band who shall say that their pride is not justified? 有些人为老校友的情谊而自豪；谁能说他们的这种自豪感不在情理之中呢？,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,8、Thing always went smoothly in the office because the three or four clerks that were employed worked in with one another. 办公室里的工作有条不紊，因为三四个雇员配合得很默契。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,9、Details of the train alterations were written up inside the main entrance to the station. 列车时刻的变动情况贴在火车站的入口处。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,10、I used to see him quite frequently, but since he became wrapped up in business, I have lost touch with him. 以前我常常见到他，可自从他经商后，我们便失去了联系。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,11、I know it is late to be asking you to reserve places for my three children in your fall class but I trust that in considering this request you will not overlook the outstanding achievements of my two sons during their earlier time with you, and I can assure you that my daughter is in every way their equal. 我知道，请你在你的秋季开学的班里为我的三个孩子保留位子，为时已晚。但是，我相信你在考虑我的这个请求时，不会忽视这个事实，以前我的两个儿子在你身边时成绩出众；我还可以想你保证，我的女儿与我的儿子相比，在哪个方面也不逊色。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,12、I will be here for another two weeks and would appreciate a confirming letter from you before my departure. 我还将在此停留两周，离开之前如能受到你的确认书，我将不胜感激。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,13、I still treasure your sketch of the fat German tourists staring with such visible lack of appreciation at the Mona Lisa. 至今我仍珍藏着你那几张素描：几个肥胖的德国游客，两眼直直地盯着蒙娜丽莎画像，显然缺乏欣赏力。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,14、Our visit did more to illustrate to Eleanor what marriage to an Italia is like than anything I could have told her. 我们此行让埃莉诺见识了意大利人会是种什么情形，这比说什么都管用。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,15、The strenuous sightseeing of the previous weeks left me exhausted and unable to ignore any longer the recurring back pains that are the inevitable toll of cobblestone streets. 前几个星期的观光游览弄得我上奔波的结果。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,16、How I look forward to sitting across from you at supper again, listening to you describe your new profit-sharing plan. 我多么希望再次坐在你的对面，一面吃晚餐，一面聆听你讲述你的分享利润辛计划呀。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,17、I dont know how carefully you read The New York Times but surely you have noticed that the society section, in cases where both families are equally prominent, often uses a picture of bride and groom leaving the church in place of the usual bridal portrait. 我不知道你读纽约时报的细心程度，但有一点可以肯定，你一定注意到社交栏目不再像往日那样刊登新郎和新娘离开教堂的照片。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,18.Caution is an admirable quality for a man in your position but, based on what I have seen of your character and your ability in the past year, I would say your future in this community is assured. 谨慎是处于你这种地位的人的可敬品格，但是根据过去一年我对你的性格和能力的观察，不妨说你在这个社区的未来是有保障的。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,19、As we stood waving until your train disappeared in the direction of New Orleans, Sam suddenly took me in his arms and announced we were leaving on a honey-moon of our own at the end of the week. 我们站在月台上，挥动着双手，目送你们乘车消失在奔向新奥尔良的远方。这时，萨姆突然把我搂在怀里，说我们将在周末去度蜜月。,目录,实践,Part Two 翻译实践练习 2.1.1,20、Forgive me for conferring the title of grandfather on a man who earned it only through marriage , but, never having had a child to call him father, Tom is doubly grateful for the role of grandfather. 原谅我把祖父的头衔加在一个只有通过婚姻关系才能获得的男子头上，但是汤姆会对没有儿子喊他父亲就当上祖父表示倍加感激。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,Part One 理论 实现正确理解的方法：进行语言分析，包括语义分析，语境分析和语用分析。 1. 语义分析(Semantic Analysis)：说明处在一定语境中、按照一定次序排列的词项之间的关系，探索语项的意义。尽量把握源出语的全部意义，是翻译成败的关键。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,首先，必须注意词的概念意义（即词的本意）和关联意义（即词的转意） 例如： （1）Seat oneself in a wooden chair 坐在木椅里 （本意） （2）accept a university chair 同意在大学里执教 （转意） （3）chair the board meeting 主持董事会 （转意） （4）condemned to the chair 被处电刑 （转意）,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,5.There are a few creases in the jacket, where it has been folded up in a suitcase, but they will wear out. 由于在箱子里折迭存放，夹克衫留下了几道折痕，但是这些折痕会消失的。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,2. 把握意义关系（Sense Relation）,特别注意同义与反义、褒义与贬义、多义与歧义等关系。如：第一组 （一词多义） a. Ill be back in a couple of days 我几天后回来。 b. It was said that they would back the plain. 据说他们会支持这个计划。 c. Its the last straw that breaks the camels back. 最后添加的一根稻草压断了骆驼的脊梁。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,第二组 （褒义与贬义） Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen. 汉斯对那位先生说他是他所见的最勇敢的人。他明显是阿谀奉承。（贬义） Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture. 布朗先生收到邀请他作演讲的邀请函感到受宠若惊。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,3. 了解文化特性、历史演变、社会发展和技术进步的影响。例如： a. “Greek and Latin are all English to me,” said Oscar Wilde. “希腊语和拉丁语对我来说都很容易,” 奥斯卡王尔德说。 王尔德是英国著名剧作家。他反用习语It is Greek to me (这对我太困难)，将希腊语和拉丁语比作自己的母语（英语），言下之意是“不难”。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef. 在地里放牧的是牛，我们在餐桌上吃的是牛肉。 在汉语中，动物肉一般由动物名+“肉”字构成，如牛肉、羊肉、猪肉等，但相应的英语却是beef, mutton, pork等。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,It is a white lie. 这不是恶意的撒谎/这是善意的撒谎。（这是白色的谎言。） lie 原意为怀有恶意的谎言，但后来获得了一种没有恶意的新解释，为了区分二者，人们称前者为black lie,后者为white lie. Stabilization（稳定法）, neutralization (中和作用)，chain reaction(连锁反应) 等词语的用法都是技术进步的结果。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,4. 了解语言的随意性和约定俗成性。例如： a. milk the cow 挤牛奶 b. milk the bull 徒劳之举 c. out of question 不成问题 d. out of the question 不可能 e. people-to people diplomacy 民间外交 win-win talks 双赢会谈 e-commerce 电子商务 e-government 电子政务,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,5. 注意词语的搭配关系，逻辑关系和上下文关系。例如： a. He wrote his 12th novel at the ripe age of 85. 他85岁高龄时完成了12部小说。 其中ripe 不作mature 或full grown 解，而是advanced in years 之意。 b. -“Well, old boy, ” said the visitor, “ its nice to see you up and about.” - “Up, yes, “ the patient said, “but about, noat least mot much.” “喂，老兄，”探视者说。“见到你起来走动走动，真高兴。” “是能下床了，”病人说，“若说走动，还不行至少还不太行。”,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,二、语境分析 （Analysis of Context of Situation） 在翻译中我们从词典中寻找词语的对等意思，但词典给我们的常常是其基本义，或对号入座的释义，无法直接用在译文中，应该根据语境来确定这句话或词语怎么说。 所谓语境分析，一是指分析语言内部的上下文关系（通过语言环境分析），二是分析话语与经验世界的关系（通过非语言环境分析）。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,上下文分析 分析一词与周围的关系 如： a. Today a politician without elbows is as lost as a politician without principles. Elbows意为“勇气（macho）,指总统候选人应有的品格 译文：如今一个没有勇气的政治家就像一个没有原则的政治家一样无所作为。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,b. This campaign shows that Mondale, far from being a patsy(懦夫), is a politician with elbows. 译文：这次竞选表明蒙代尔不是一个懦夫，而是一个勇气十足的政治家。 c. He is always politically incorrect. 他总是讲话不合时宜。 这是美国英语特有的表达法，只能丛社会、文化大环境中理解词义。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,确认一短语是否是一个语义整体。 例如，下述话语中的a good table 就有其独立的含义，它受上下文的制约；倘若不假思索地译为“一张质地优良的桌子“，势必令人捧腹大笑。 “I dont know what you do with your brass,” said Mr. Scurridge. “ I spend it on you,” she said, “Always a good table, you must have. Never anything short. “不知你掖着臭钱干什么用,” 史力卡先生说。 “供你吃喝呀！”她回答道。“你总是一定要吃好喝好，缺一点也不行。”,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,练习： a. The face is the index of the mind. 心中有事，必形于色。 b. Far from eye, far from heart. 别久情疏。 c. Mr. Lear is trying to oil the judges palm. 李尔王想贿赂法官。 d. He has stolen a match on me. 我让他占了先。 e. Today in the New York Stock Exchange, all the brokers are tailed up. 在今天的纽约证券交易所大厅里，经纪人无不神采飞扬，兴致勃勃。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,2. 非语境关系：指话语及其组成部分与文化和自然环境有关方面的各种关系，以及人类社会中人们之间的相互关系；也就是语言与经验世界的关系。 （1）研究话语发生时的整个情况。例如： It Its freezing cold here. 此 这句话可能有下列几种意思： 作为直接话语，仅仅提供信息，向在场的听话者说明那里太冷； 作为简介言语行动，表示请求、希望听者打开暖气或给炉子加点煤 作为反语，抱怨说话的地方太热。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,（2）注意肢体语言的作用。 眼神、手势、点头、摇头等都有传情达意的作用。例如： “You think we might” he glanced at the hut“have been like thisyou and I?” She shook her head. “你觉得我们你和我，他扫了一眼那间小屋，“或许像这样？”她摇了摇头。 文中的 “他”和“她”原来是一对情人，但后来她嫁给了小屋的主人。“他”扫一眼小屋给“像这样”作了解释，“她”摇头说明了她的不同意见。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,三、语用分析（Pragmatic Analysis） 所谓语用分析,是通过语用学的思考，对语言的交际意义进行综合分析的方法之一，旨在了解和确定讲话人与所讲话语之间的关系，或者说在把握语言符号与使用语言符号的人的关系。这种关系常常表现为简化人的感情、态度、情绪、意念等。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,1、把讲话人当作言语行动的参与者 讲话人不仅传达信息，而且还表达一定的态度，赞成或反对，请求或命令，威胁或劝诱，褒扬或贬抑，推荐或命令，等等，其中，有的成分见诸字面有的则埋藏于字里行间。 阅读第19页上的例句，分析其感情色彩。（略）,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,2、充分考虑语用理据（Pragmatic Motivation） 要对语言变式金雄分析和研究，以便在译语中寻找对等物。如： - Mr. Smith laid off Miss Black. （一般过去时） 史密斯先生把布莱克小姐给解雇了。 这是一个基本句，主要回答Who laid off Whom?的问题。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,2.Mr. Smith has laid off Miss Black.(现在完成时) 主要回答 What foolish thing has Mr. Smith done to Miss Black? 的问题。 3、Miss Black was laid off by Mr. Smith. 布莱克小姐被史密斯先生解雇了。 主要回答 What happened to Miss Black? 的问题。 4、It is Mr. Smith who laid off Miss Black. 是史密斯先生解雇了布莱克小姐。 主要回答 Who is it that laid off Miss Black? 的问题。,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,弄清讲话人的意图，进而决定表达方式。 确认but, even, and 等词的语用意义。 如： Harry is a professor, but cant spell. 哈利是教授，奇怪的是他不会拼写。 其中but表示惊奇，甚至遗憾。 Even Max tried on the pants. 甚至马克思也试穿了这条裤子。 其中even包含着also和too的意义，但后两者并无前者的言外之意出乎意料感。 And outtalked to him this way after all hed done for you. 他不也是为了你吗？你怎么竟然这样跟人家讲话呢？ 这里的and表示惊讶、不满或气愤。 注意something, anything, nothing 的特殊意义,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,3、确定某些定语从句的状语化作用。如： They tried to stamp out the fire, which spread all the more furiously throughout the block. 他们试图扑灭大火，结果火势愈来愈猛，烧遍了整个街区。（译成结果状语） 4、对某些状语从句采用变通译法。如： It will be a couple of years before we meet again. 两年后我们会再见面的。,实践,目录,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,实践 1 实践 9 实践 17 实践 2 实践 10 实践 18 实践 3 实践 11 实践 19 实践 4 实践 12 实践 20 实践 5 实践 13 实践 21 实践 6 实践 14 实践 22 实践 7 实践 15 实践 23 实践 8 实践 16 实践 24,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,Part Two 翻译实践练习 1、She told me she and Henry made a vow in September when they parted-to renounce the limited early love and consecrate their lives to art. 她告诉我，9月份她与亨利分手时就发誓结束这场有限的尘缘，而将自己的一生奉献给艺术。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,2、They had corresponded faithfully all year, each encouraging the others single-minded pursuit of his chosen art form, but it came as quite a shock to Eleanor, who has studied sculpture with the devotion of a man who shares his flat. 一年之中他们之间书信来往从未间断，相互勉励对方一心一意地追求自己选择的艺术形式。但是，令埃莉诺感到十分震惊的是，正当她像修女一样潜心研究雕刻之时，却发现亨利在同房间的一个男青年的陪同下写诗。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,3、Old playwrights advise young actors, promising artists question acknowledged geniuses, would be poets fawn over literary lions. 年老的剧作家为年轻的演员出谋划策，有前途的艺术家向公认的天才挑战，自诩的诗人奉承巴结文学名流。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,4、I cannot argue with your reasoning that television equipment is still in an early stage of development, but at my age I cannot afford to wait for technical refinements. 你认为电视尚处在开发阶段，我无力与你争辩；但是到了我这个年纪，我不能等待技术完善了。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,5、My husband made quite a name for himself in real estate and insurance circles during the eight years we lived in Dallas. 我们在达拉斯生活的八年间，我丈夫在不动产与保险业界颇负盛名。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,6、I am more alive in the presence of a letter from you than in the company of most of the people I encounter in my life. 令我感到精神抖擞的与其说是与我一生中交往的大多数人相遇，毋宁说是见到你的来信,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,7、My first marriage survived many storms-from within and without-but no turbulence can compare to the agony of being becalmed. Like the Ancient Mariner, I inhabit “a painted ship on the painted sea.” 我的第一次婚姻经历了内外多次狂风暴雨而维持下来，然而，归于平静后的痛苦是任何风暴无法相比的。我就想柯勒律笔下的古舟子那样，居住在“画中的船上，漂浮在画的海洋上。”,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,8、If children are accorded the respect as adults, they can be counted on to display comparable manners. 加假如儿童像成年人那样受到人们的尊敬，他们会同样对人彬彬有礼。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,9、Old age should be regarded the respect as a reward for a lifetime of hard work, but it can only be a punishment if one insists on doing the same things one has always done, measuring the present achievements with the past ones, and inevitably falling short. 年老应该被当成终生艰苦工作的一种奖赏，但是，对于一个执意要重操旧业，坚持要以过去的丰功伟绩衡量今日成就而必然无望的人说，年老只能是一种惩罚。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,10、As your future husband has chosen a field of endeavor where the risks areas high as the potential rewards, be prepared to offer him any support necessary to achieve his goals; only then will you have earned the right to share in his success. 如果你的未婚夫选择了一个报偿与风险俱高的奋斗领域，那你就准备着为了实现他的奋斗目标而提供一切必不可少的帮助和支持吧。只有如此，你才能获得与他分享成功的权利。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,11、Farming is an occupation that will never hold much interest for her ,since she is a city dweller at heart though it took 18 years of her life and marriage to an ambitious man to realize it. 办农场绝非是十分令她感兴趣的职业，尽管为此她花费了18年的心血，付出了嫁给一个野心勃勃的男人为妻的代价，因为心底里她是一个城市女,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,12、The conductor told the boy off for throwing litter on the floor of the bus. 乘务员责备那个男孩在公共汽车里乱扔东西。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,13、The manufacturers have high hopes of the new models performance, but it has yet to be tested out. 各厂家对这种新型产品的性能抱有很高的期望，但有待于验证,目录,实践,14、Honest and courageous people could be quieted when they came to realize that outspoken opposition was fruitless, the dishonest could band together to divide spoils. 正直勇敢的人意识到直言不讳地提出异议毫无结果时，便缄口不语，而那些无耻小人则会聚集在一起，瓜分他们的 “战利品。”,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,15、I have found since that time there are countless people over the country willing to commit themselves in the same way, without thinking of personal reward 毫不计较个人得失,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,16、I remember thinking that, second only to governmental reorganization, improving the criminal justice system in my state could be my greatest contribution as governor. 我记得曾经想过，除了改组政府以外，作为州长，我的第二大任务时改善本州的刑事司法制度,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,17、He seemed delighted to come back South to work at improving Georgias prison system with the full backing of my administration. 他似乎很喜欢返回南方工作，在我主持的政府的权利支持下，致力于改善佐治亚州的监狱体系。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,18、Our radio transmitting equipment was drowned out by the pounding salt water, and we could not send our daily location report to Pacific Fleet Headquarters. 连续不断冲击的海水浸坏了我们的无线电发报机，我们无法向太平洋舰队司令部报告我们每天的方位。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,19、In 1994, the electric consumption in the textile mill went up 15%, while its consumption of coal down 30%. 1994年，这家纺织厂的电耗量上升了15%， 而煤耗量减少了30%。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,20、Our lives were so interdependent, dependent on every man knowing his job, that no lack of enthusiasm was tolerated, and that on one who was lackadaisical remained uncriticized and uncondemned. 我们的生命彼此息息相关，我们的生命与每个人熟悉自己的职责密切相连，不容漫不经心。任何人懈怠懒惰，必将受到批评和谴责。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,21、The whole settlement was amazed at the stream of big black Cadillacs, Packards, and Lincolns which had come from other states. 来自各州的巨型“凯迪拉克“牌、”柏卡德“牌和”林肯“牌汽车，川流不息，令整个居民点的人惊讶不已。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,22、Our farm and sore are about one-half mile east of Archery on the dirt road towards plains. 我们的农场和商店坐落在通往平原镇的土路上，在阿切里以东约半英里的地方。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,23、Our early years of my life in an out-of-the-way village full and enjoyable, isolated but not lonely. 我的早年是在一个偏僻的农村里度过的，生活充实而愉快，虽然与世隔绝，但并不寂寞。,目录,实践,2.2.2 如何实现正确理解,24、As a 12-year-old boy, I was appalled when I checked the book War and Peace out of the library because it was about 1,400 pages long, written by the Russian novelist Tolstoy, and of course, not about cowboys. 12岁那年，我从图书馆里借到一本战争与和平，不禁大吃一惊。原因是这部由俄国小说家托尔斯泰写的长达1400多页的巨著，与牛仔全然无关。,目录,实践,2.3.1 充分表达,Part one 理论 一、充分表达 所谓充分表达，即利用对目的语的驾驭能力，完全恰如其分地表达原文的思想内容、立场感情和风格笔调。充分表达要防止两种倾向：过分表达（over-representation）即，不顾原文本意如何，任意添枝加叶；欠充分表达（under-representation）即：或任意删减，或不顾作者感情态度，或不计文体风格。,目录,2.3.1 充分表达,Reports of new successes keep pouring in. 捷报频传。（充分表达） He sold hard-to-get items. 他行贿受贿，兜售紧俏商品。画线部分为胡乱添加。 When we were in port, my crew was responsible for moving, installing and modifying the items to be tested the next week. To compound the problems, our ship Wyoming was declared to be unsafe. 原译：入港后，舰上的官兵们忙着搬运、安装、调试仪器和设备，迎接下星期的试验。就在关键时刻，我们的“怀俄明”号被宣布为不安全。原文有两处漏译：to compound the problem(使问题复杂化)和good(好端端)。,目录,2.3.1 充分表达,二、直译与意译 1、直译(literal translation): 译文的语言表达形式，在目的语规范容许范围内，基本上遵循源语表达的形式，而又忠实于原文的意思。如； The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 要知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自吃一吃。 2、意译（free translation）: 译文的语言表达形式，完全遵循目的语的规范而不考虑源语的表达形式，但又忠实于原文的意思。如： One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚无水吃。,目录,2.3.1 充分表达,实践 1 实践 2 实践 3 实践 4 实践 5 实践 6 实践 7 实践 8,目录,2.3.1 充分表达,Part Two 翻译实践练习 1、The 1.248 billionth Chinese was born in 1999. 到了1999年，中国人口已达到12.48亿。 2.The substance that gives up hydrogen is said to be oxidized and the one, which accepts the hydrogen, is said to be reduced. 释放氢的物质被称为氧化了的物质，而吸收氢的物质被称为还原了的物质。,目录,2.3.1 充分表达,3.Too clearly, it is a topic we shall do no justice to in this place. (T.Carlyle:On Heroes and Hero-worship) 很显然