国际贸易实务-绪论.ppt

国际贸易实务 International Trade Practices 马敏 大连大学英语学院 2011.3.1,Unit One An lntroduction to lnternational Trade,Why do countries trade ?,Resource reasons Economic reasons Preference reasons Other reasons,1. Resource reasons,No nation has all of the commodities it needs： Some are rich in: Copper-Peru, Zaire Diamonds-South Africa Petroleum-Middle East Some lack : Japan-minerals Russia-light industrial products the United States-coffee,2. Economic reasons 1. A country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs; e.g. the United States-sugar 2. One country can sell or produce some items at a lower cost than other countries: e.g. Japan-radios and television sets the Theory of Comparative Advantage (相对优势论）,3. Preference reasons Foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style: e.g. the United States also imports cars from Japan,Germany ,Sweden and other countries.,.,invisible trade visible trade,4. Other reasons,Invisible Trade,1) Transportation and communication e.g Greece, Norway- large maritime fleets,Invisible Trade 2) Insurance e.g Greet Britain-leading exporter of this service 3) Tourism e.g Thailand, Bahamas, Singapore, Malaysia,Invisible Trade 4) Commissions and Salaries (money paid to engineers, supervisors and skilled workers from other countries),Invisible Trade e.g Kuwait, Afghan, Iraq - the re-construction of their countries after the war China-the construction of the Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Station,Invisible Trade 5) Immigrant Remittances E.g. .in the United Stats-immigrants send money to families in the old countries formerly millions of workers from southern Europe have gone to work in Germany, Switzerland, France, the Benelux nations, and Scandinavia. Today the Asians particularly the Chinese work in the west,The present situation,2010年： 美国进出口总额约为3.2万亿美元 中国进出口总额为29727.6亿美元 日本进出口总额为14625.8亿美元 中国排名第二； 2011年：中国国际贸易额预计3.5万亿美元 ，超过美国； 2010年中国在全球的主要贸易伙伴排名： 欧盟、美、日本、东盟、香港、韩国、台湾、澳大利亚、印 度、俄罗斯、巴西、加拿大。,中国历年进出口额,1950年：11亿美元 1980年：381亿美元 1990年：1154亿美元 2000年：4743亿美元 2010年：29727.6亿美元,How is international Trade Measured?,Balance of Trade （贸易差额） Favorable balance of trade (trade surplus) Unfavorable balance of trade (trade deficit),Balance of Payment Payment: beside imports and exports, tourism,foreign aid, military expenditures, foreign investment. Favorable balance of payment Unfavorable balance of payment The balance of payments is one reflection of a nations financial stability in the world market.,How is international Trade Measured?,Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations. Indirect investment (portfolio ) 直接投资(direct investment），是指以取得或拥有公司、企业法人或非法人团体，或者以直接参与其经营管理为直接目的国际投资；间接投资(indirect investment），是指仅以取得利息或股息等形式的资本增殖为直接目的的国际投资。,How is International Trade Measured?,International Trade Policy,Trade policies come in many varieties: Tariff, subsidies, quantitative restrictions, encouragement Import Tariff(进口关税） A tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods and/or service being imported into the country. Two types: protective tariffs Revenue tariff(财政关税) Three ways: specific duty(从量）, ad valorem duty（从价）, compound duty（混合）,Non-Tariff Barriers to Imports 非关税壁垒,A non-tariff barrier (NTB) to imports is any policy used by the government to reduce imports, other than a simple tariff on imports. Limiting the quantity of the imports Increasing the cost of getting imports into the market Creating uncertainty about the conditions under which imports will be permitted,Import Quotas 进口配额,Import quotas, a limit on the total quantity of imports of a product allowed into the country during a period of time, is the best non-tariff barrier.It is implemented with license. Two types: absolute quotas (绝对配额） 绝对配额是指在一定时期内，对某些商品规定一个最高的进口数量或金额。一旦达到这个最高数额就不准进口。 tariff-rate quotas（关税配额） 对于凡在某一限额内进口的货物可以适用较低的税率或免税,Voluntary Export Restraint (VER) 自动出口限制,A voluntary export restraint is an odd-looking trade barrier in which the importing country government coerces(胁迫)the foreign country to agree “voluntarily” to restrict its exports to this country. 1960s-United States-textiles and clothing 1980s-United States-Japanese cars,Other Non-tariff Barriers,Product Standard（产品标准） Domestic Content Requirements（国产含量） Government Procurement Policies（政府采购政策） Red-Tape Barriers (进口环节壁垒） 通关环节壁垒通常表现在，进口国有关当局在进口商办理通关手续时，要求其提供非常复杂或难以获得的资料，甚至商业秘密资料，从而增加进口产品的成本，影响其顺利进入进口国市场；通关程序耗时冗长，使得应季的进口产品(如应季服装、农产品等)失去贸易机会；对进口产品征收不合理的海关税费。,Export Taxes,An export tax is a tax collected on exported goods. 增加财政收入 保证国内供应 提高国外加工成本 反对低价收购初级产品,Export Subsidies 出口补贴,Export subsidies are payments made by the government to encourage the export of specified products. 出口补贴又称出口津贴 ，是一国政府为了降低出口商品的价格，增加其在国际市场的竞争力，在出口某商品时给予出口商的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇 。,Trade Bloc 集团贸易,Trade Bloc A trade bloc is an intergovernmental association of a large free trade area formed by one or more tax, tariff and trade agreements, which manages and promotes trade activities for specific regions of the world.,Four Major Trade blocs,1. European Union (EU 欧盟） 2. North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA 北美自由贸易协议） 3. Southern Common Market (SCCM 南锥共同市场） 4. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟）,Types of trade bloc:,Free trade area(自由贸易区） A customs union（关税同盟） A common market（共同市场） Economic union（经济联盟） Details see P24,Roles and Functions of Blocs,To establish tariffs that protect inter-regional trade from outside forces To establish some form of regional control regarding trade that fulfills the interests of nations within that region To promote regional security and political concerns or to develop trade in such a way as to enhance the security in the region To promote South-to-South trade To promote economic and technical cooperation among developing countries To restrain global competition Import quotas (limiting the amount of imports into the country) Customs delays (slow down the ability for the imported product from abroad to enter the domestic market),Trade Blocks,Trade block, also called trade embargoes, is a form of economic sanctions. It is a prohibition upon exports or imports, either with respects to specific products or specific countries.,Trade Blocks,Ways to Perform Trade Block Trade block is performed by the embargoing countries in such a manner that they discriminate completely against certain other countries usaually because of a policy dispute. They deny the outflow of goods, services, or assets to a particular country while allowing export to other countries, or discriminate against imports from the targeted country, or block both exports to and imports from the target.,Effects of Trade Block Hurts both economically The basic determinant of the success or failure of economic sanctions is the trade elasticity. 一国或数国政府通过法令对另一国采取强硬措施，以断绝相互之间的经济和贸易关系的行为。经济封锁的简称。常用的封锁措施有：中断贸易关系，禁止对被封锁国输入和输出货物，禁止对该国输出技术，截断交通运输，冻结该国政府和私人存在他国的资金和财产，停止与该国的一切财政、资金往来等。 经济封锁是发达资本主义国家推行侵略扩张政策和强权政治的产物，一般在发生革命和战争的情况下实行。 Eg. China, Iraq, Cuba etc.,Trade Blocks 贸易封锁,WTO: A Navigation Guide,What is WTO? How does it work? Objectives, functions and basic Principles,What is WTO?,Full form: World Trade Organization History: 1947: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (关贸总协定） 1995：WTO. Uruguay Round held during 1986-1994 led to WTO.,What is WTO?,Definition: The World Trade Organization, located in Geneva, is the umbrella organization responsible for overseeing the implementation of all the multilateral agreements that have been negotiated in the Uruguay Round and those that will be negotiated in the future.,How does WTO work?,The WTO is “member-driven”, with decisions taken by consensus among all member governments. All major decisions are made by the membership as a whole, either by ministers or by their ambassadors or delegates.,Objectives, Functions and Basic Principles,Objectives: Raising the standards of living and incomes; Ensuring full employment; Expanding production and trade; Expanding optimal use of the worlds resources,Functions,To facilitate implementation, administration and operation of the covered agreements; To provide the forum for negotiations on multilateral trade; To settle disputes; To review national trade policies; To achieve greater coherence in global economic policy-making,Basic Principles,Trade without discrimination Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (favor one, favor all) National Treatment (love thy neighbor as thyself) Transparency Predictable and Growing Access to Markets Promoting fair competition,教学日历,Assignment,查找一个因政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例 查找一个外国针对我国的非关税壁垒的案例 作业要求： 页面：A4； 字体、字号：宋体小4； 字数：每题不超过500字，两道题一页纸完成。 紧扣主题，案例具体，给出出处（网址）,参考答案 因政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例 1,由于政治原因而进行的国际贸易在抗法时期（19501954 ） 中国是第一个也是唯一一个与越南有贸易关系的国家”中越贸易的一大特点是“寓援助于贸易中”，即中国以贸易的形式展开对越南的援助，其主要特点是：“越南需要出口的货物，中国都尽量购买，越南需要进口的商品，中国都尽可能的满足”。总之，通过这样一种非常特殊的贸易形式，越南输出了部分当时没有市场需求的土产品，从而逐步恢复了已经荒芜的茶山、漆树园、木材采伐和矿山开采等生产；同时进口各种生活必需品，满足了抗法战争和人民的生活需要。,因政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例 2,在新中国建立的初期，作为同一社会主义阵营的苏联帮助中国建立了飞机、坦克、火炮和无线电工厂，提供了当时最现代化的仪器和设备、先进的军械样品，如飞机、坦克等。还帮助中国建立了生产潜艇的工厂和相应的基地。对苏联提供的设备，中国则是以易货的贸易形式来支付，中国为苏联提供了某些战略物资，如锡、锡精矿和钨精矿等。中国还向苏联提供了大量的日用消费品。,因政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例 3,中国支持非洲国家为了争取和维护民族独立而进行斗争。如中国政府提供9.88亿元人民币的无息贷款，共发运各种设备材料近100万吨，先后派遣工程技术人员近5万人次，修筑了全长1860公里的铁路。这条由中国专家和工程技术人员进行勘测、考察、设计并帮助坦、赞两国政府组织施工的铁路，对于坦桑尼亚在经济上摆脱对外依赖，维护民族独立发挥了至关重要的作用，至今仍然是中非友谊的见证。,因政治因素而进行的国际贸易案例 4,军火贸易是一种有着丰富政治，经济和军事意义的外交杠杆，与台湾的军火贸易也成为了大国介入台湾问题的有效政策工具，美国源源不断地向台湾输出军火，以巧妙攫取立足台湾，牵制中国的战略利益。据不完全统计，自1979年到1998年底，美国售台武器33批，总价值高达34