胡壮麟语言学Exercise8.ppt

Exercises,I . Fill in the blanks.,1. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the _ Principle proposed by J. Grice. Cooperative 2. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an _ is concrete and context-dependent. utterance,I . Fill in the blanks.,3. A _ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. locutionary 4. _ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable. Constatives,I . Fill in the blanks.,5. _ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action. Commissives(承诺行为) 6. A _ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. perlocutionary,I . Fill in the blanks.,7. _ are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. Directives(指示行为) 8. _ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Pragmatics,I . Fill in the blanks.,9. _ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Performatives 10. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same _ point, but they differ in their strength or force. illocutionary,I . Fill in the blanks.,11. The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to _; otherwise it would be impossible for them to go on with the talk. The general principle is called the _. cooperate; Cooperative Principle 12. The maxim of relation requires that what the conversation participants say must be _. relevant,II. Choose the best answer.,13. _ found that natural language had its own logic and conclude cooperative principle. A. John Austin B. John Firth C. Paul Grice D. William Jones C,II. Choose the best answer.,14. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called _. A. semantics B. pragmatics C. sociolinguistics D. psycholinguistics B,II. Choose the best answer.,15. _ proposed that speech act can fall into five general categories. A. Austin B. Searle C. Sapir D. Chomsky B,II. Choose the best answer.,16. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the _. A. declarations B. directives C. commissives D. expressives C,II. Choose the best answer.,17. The illocutionary point of the _ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. A. declarations B. expressives C. commissives D. directives B,II. Choose the best answer.,18. Ys utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of X: Who was that you were with last night? Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner C,II. Choose the best answer.,19. The violation of one or more of the conversational _ (of the CP) can, when the listener folly understands the speaker, create conversational implicature, and humor sometimes. A. standards B. principles C. levels D. maxims D,II. Choose the best answer.,20. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _. A. breakdown of conversation B. confusion of ones intention C. hostility between speakers and the listeners D. conversational implicatures D,II. Choose the best answer.,21. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _ in 1962. A. Saussure B. Austin C. Chomsky D. Grimm B,II. Choose the best answer.,22. The maxim of quantity requires: _. A. contribute as informative as required B. do not contribute more than is required C. do not say what has little evidence D. both A and B D,II. Choose the best answer.,23. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _. A. commissives B. directives C. expressives D. declaratives A,III. Decide whether the following statements are true T or false F.,_ 24. If the context of use is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics. T _ 25. A locutionary act is the act of expressing the speakers intention. F An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speakers intention.,III. Decide whether the following statements are true T or false F.,_ 26. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. T _ 27. The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered. T,III. Decide whether the following statements are true T or false F.,_ 28. While conversation participants nearly always observe the CP, they do not always observe these maxims strictly. T _29. Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives. F Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of directives.,III. Decide whether the following statements are true T or false F.,_ 30. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise. T,III. Decide whether the following statements are true T or false F.,_ 31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act because this kind of speech is identical with the speakers intention. T,III. Decide whether the following statements are true T or false F.,_ 32. Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. T,III. Decide whether the following statements are true T or false F.,_ 33. Stylistics covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular