《开放性作文写作》PPT课件.ppt

开放作文,评分,15分：描图5 分+议论10分。 评分标准： 基本描绘：图中有什么 好的描绘：图中发生了什么，人物和事物之间的关系。What is going on? 讲故事不算完成任务，写得再好，最多得5分。 高档作文，描述和议论要有关系，如隐语，类比等。,Step 1: observe the picture carefully 仔细观察图片内容 Step 2: find out the logical connection among the things or between the things and life in the picture 发现逻辑关系,How to find out the suitable topic ？,开放性作文写作第一步？,找主题（The topic of the picture）,In your English class, you are asked to describe the following picture and explain to your classmates how you understand it.,We should keep the balance of nature.,猴老师，您一定要教会小鸭上树！,In your English class, you are asked to describe the following picture and explain to your classmates how you understand it.,Parents always ask their children to do something beyond their abilities.,In your English class, you are asked to describe the following picture and explain to your classmates how you understand it.,We should adjust our ideas and measures to the changing situation.,In your English class, you are asked to describe the following picture and explain to your classmates how you understand it.,Nowadays teenagers are too addicted to the internet.,In your spoken English class, your teacher shows you the following picture. You are asked to describe the picture and explain how you understand it.,Some people look confident, but what they actually have in their head is far from enough.,一篇好的开放性作文什么样的？,As is shown in the picture, a half-empty bottle is going to stick a label of “full” on its body, feeling proud and confident. The picture seems to be reflecting a kind of social phenomenon. We might often meet some people who look confident, trying to impress others with their “rich” knowledge. However, just like the bottle in the picture, what they really know is just a little. What they actually have in their head is far from enough. As an old saying goes, empty bottles make the loudest noise. Therefore, its wise to enrich ourselves with knowledge and try to make our head full.,/,/,启,承,转,回,合,描图,（结合图）议论,如何“启”？,1. As is shown in the picture, .,2. As we can see from the picture, .,4. In the picture we can see that .,5. From the picture we can see that .,3. As can be seen from the picture, .,6. As the picture indicates, there is / are sb. doing .,.,描图,如何描图？,如何“承”？,1. The picture seems to .,2. The picture tries to .,3. The picture conveys a message that.,4. It is a common phenomenon in our daily life. .,5. It is quite a common scene in the society. .,6. Such a situation seems common in our society. .,.,图中含义,如何表达？,如何“转”？,1. However, just like the in the picture, .,2. If , .,注意: “转”的方式非常灵活，难以有固定的 模式，关键要“见风使舵”。,1、然而，真实的情况是. 2、如果不这样,会有啥结果,如何“回”？,1. , as is shown in the picture.,回到图里,2. just like in the picture.,把议论和图片结合，进行比较，论点才站得住脚，也才有意义。,如何回图？,如何“合”？,1. Therefore，.,结论,2. Thus，.,3. So.,4. In conclusion，.,5. Only in this way can.,结论的得出也是比较灵活的,没有固定模式,一篇好的开放性作文什么样的？,As is shown in the picture, a half-empty bottle is going to stick a label of “full” on its body, feeling proud and confident. The picture seems to be reflecting a kind of social phenomenon. We might often meet some people who look confident, trying to impress others with their “rich” knowledge. However, just like the bottle in the picture, what they really know is just a little. What they actually have in their head is far from enough. As an old saying goes, empty bottles make the loudest noise. Therefore, its wise to enrich ourselves with knowledge and try to make our head full.,/,/,启,承,转,回,合,描图,（结合图）议论,实战,In your spoken English class, your teacher shows you the following picture. You are asked to describe the picture and explain how you understand it.,可接受立意： 1. 整体中，个体的作用； 2. 系列事件中，每一个环节的作用； 3.细节决定成败； 4.知识/事物之间环环相扣，相互联系。 不能接受的立意: 1.好习惯，坏习惯； 2. 好的开始很重要； 3. 做好第一步很重要； 4.合理安排事物； 5. 学习知识需要循序渐进; 6. 如何解决问题； 7. 打好基础很重要； 8. 从小事做起； 9.心中有他人，考虑他人意见； 10. 不恰当的比喻（terrorism和society）,描图,一般描图 (有什么) 好的描图 (关系,趋势),There is a circle of bricks standing one next to another.,The first brick on the right is falling down, causing the falling of the next one. In the end, the whole circle will .,The success of a project depends on each individual step.,立意,跳出图，提出观点,In the picture, we can see a circle of bricks standing next to each other. The first brick on the right is falling down, causing the falling of the next one. In the end, the whole circle will be ruined. The picture conveys a message that the success of a project depends on each individual step. When each individual step is given full attention, it is quite likely that the whole project will be a success. In the same way, a mistake in one step may lead to a complete failure of the whole project, as is shown in the picture. So each individual step can make the difference between success and failure. We should try our best every step of the way.,范文,实战,In your spoken English class, your teacher shows you the following picture. You are asked to describe the picture and explain how you understand it.,In this picture we can see that the man is dreaming to have chances to succeed, to own a big house or a car, to be traveling in many places in the world and so on. But he never tries to realize them only lying there to have a day-dream. It is a common phenomenon in our daily life. There are also some people like him. They want to have a chance but they never work hard and manage to catch it. Chances, success and other things will be given to the hard-working people. Everyone wants to succeed and have a better life, so from now on lets try hard no matter how many difficulties and failures we will meet on the way.,范文,Version 2不从外表判断人 In the picture are a big tree and some small grass. The tree is tall and strong, but it has been broken by the strong wind. Compared with the tree, the grass is small and weak. Nevertheless, the strong wind can hardly do any harm to it. It is certain that the grass will stay healthy as ever after the wind. Things are not always acting in the way they look. It is the same with human beings. Some people are like the big tree. They are easily defeated by difficulty although they have strong appearance. Weak as some people may seem, they are actually very strong in mind. They are ready to face challenges and never give up in time of difficulty, just like the grass in the picture. So, we should never judge a person by his appearance.,使句子多样化的技巧,一、语序变化,主语后移 It is a point of honor with the customer not to let the shopkeeper guess what it is she really likes It makes no difference whether we stay or leave.,一、语序变化,宾语后移 We consider it necessary for her to do it all over again One finds it a bore doing pattern drills,一、语序变化,被动结构 The program was designed by a very little boy. The gun powder was invented by Chinese,一、语序变化,层进句 I see that small group of men who plan，organize，and launch this cataract（奔流） of horrors upon mankind That is what it means；that is all it means；that is all it will mean,一、语序变化,倒装句 Seldom has a city gained such world renown No sooner had he opened the gate from outside than he came into the garden and waited until someone let him out.,一、语序变化,其他倒装强调形式 Under the large stone lies the treasure. Only five men did he see A liar he is,一、语序变化,修辞表现强调 1)重复 A society is sustained by communication; communication makes life possible. 2)夸张 Ive got a mountain of work to do today. Again a million thanks.,一、语序变化,强调句 1) It is/was + that/who 结构 It was the new method that they used. 2) 冒号和破折号后面也是加强的部分 They think they got their little secret tucked away，and so they have except now. 3)双重否定 There is no rule that has exceptions 4)利用进行时态表示强调，带有感情色彩和力量。 The woman is always bragging about her three daughters,二、长、短句结合,Although I have been away from my hometown for only three years, I can hardly recognize it. (复杂句) In spite of being away from my hometown for only three years, I can hardly recognize it. (简单句),三、以同位语、短语和非谓语动词开始句子,With fear and expectation they waited by the telephone. Strangely enough, he cannot speak a word of English, having lived in Australia for such a long time.,三、以同位语、短语和非谓语动词开始句子,Looking out of the train window, we found a completely different scenery. Susan, a dedicated naturalist, spent years studying birds and plants on the island. To see his work applied to peoples life is the happiest thing for him.,四、使用there be 结构,There were times when we had nothing to eat in the house There seems something wrong with the bike There appears to be some evidence of a genetic link to alcohol abuse There can be no doubt about the answer,五、用It 作 形式主语,Its a shame that you caught the flu and missed so many classes. It appeared that Jane had lost her way It seems that Louisa doesnt hate us after all It is no use for us to try this again,六、用 副词引导句子,Unfortunately, a number of more serious problems remain to be solved Actually，he is the son of a farmer Essentially, the poor people there need food to survive rather than computers Frankly speaking，he cheated in the examination,七、使用排比,单词平行 The young actor was tall，dark，and handsome We waited for hours at the airport，reading and sleeping,七、使用排比,短语平行 This is a government of the people，by the people，for the people. To support his family and to put himself through college，he worked ten hours a day,七、使用排比,句子平行 There is no reason for us to be enemies；neither of us seeks the territory of the other；neither of us seeks domination over the other；neither of us seeks to stretch out our hands and rule the world Their sun-burned faces were dark, and their sun-whipped eyes were light.,八、巧用状语,Suzhou is a beautiful city, attracting thousands of visitors each day from both the domestic and foreign countries. 多用介词短语引导状语，少用状语从句。,八、巧用状语,引导时间、过程状语的介词短语 at the sight of： The girl became frightened at the sight of the snakes that were crawling in the grass. at the time of on the occasion of at the moment of at the beginning of in the course of at the end of at/on the point of at/on the closing point of at the thought of,八、巧用状语,引导地点、程度、空间、范围等状语的介词短语 on the top of She was shouting at the boys on the top of her voice. except for at the foot of in front of to the degree of at the back of apart from in addition to in the front of in the middle of in the face of in place of by the side of to the point of（到程度）,八、巧用状语,引导目的、前提、结果、条件、原因、让步等状语的介词短语 in consideration of In consideration of our long-term cooperation, wed agree to cut the price by another one percent. only if as a result of given under the influence of in order to under the guidance of in case of under the pressure of with a view to doing（想要。） for the sake of,八、巧用状语,because of in search of owing to according to due to in view of (考虑到) so as to in line with （与。相似） by reason of in the light of(考虑到) by means of in spite of on account of despite although/ though/ even though to the satisfaction of,八、巧用状语,引导比较、指涉、对象、指谓等状语的介词短语 in honor of as to in connection with （与。有关） as for in contrast to as far as in comparison with,八、巧用状语,引导方式、方法、手段等状语的介词短语 with the aid of He finally made the point clear with the aid of some charts and pictures. by means of on behalf of by way of in the name of in the form of at the request of by force of instead of on the chance of with the help of through the help of in exchange of through the channel of in place of in the habit of,八、巧用状语,引导补充、关联、衔接等状语的介词和短语（常用插入式） in the final analysis In the final analysis, this theory can be applicable in more fields than they seem to be. so to speak （可以说） They were all very similar. All cut from the same cloth, so to speak. to be honest hopefully to be direct to be frank like it or not in general believe it or not in particular if not best by the way,改进句子的质量,动词与 主语的 一致,Having informed of the market change, the factorys products are changed to meet the needs of the market. Seeing the baby sleeping soundly, the mother went into the garden to water the flowers. Hearing the shouting, the birds flew away immediately. Joe saw the birds flying away immediately at the sound they heard.,动词与 主语的 一致,结构公式1 Doing, sb. was doing , doing . and doing . Standing at the doorway, she was shaking hands with the departing guests, waving good-bye to them and seeing them off.,动词与 主语的 一致,结构公式2 After doing ., sb. did . and did . After finishing reading the book, he took out a piece of paper and started to write down what he remembered.,动词与 主语的 一致,结构公式3 Doing ., doing sb. did . Seeing many people doing that, thinking that he could do the same, he started to do the same thing.,动词与 主语的 一致,结构公式4 Having done, sb. did . and did . Having finished the meal, she picked the phone and started talking with someone about the next days journey to the country.,动词与 主语的 一致,结构公式5 Sb. did, doing. She came into the room, carrying a bundle of newspapers.,文章流畅的关键,得体地使用过渡词,表示附加 again再者，此外 also加之，且又 furthermore而且，再者 in addition加之，此外 and然后，就 moreover此外 as well as既又 not onlybut also不但而且 besides并且，除此之外 second其次 finally最后 third再者 further而且，再者 first首先,得体地使用过渡词,表示让步 after all终究，毕竟 even if(though)即使 although虽然(较正式) nevertheless然而，不过 at least至少 of course当然 anyhow无论如though虽然 clearly显然 yet然而，但是,得体地使用过渡词,表示强调 above all尤其是，最重要的 in fact事实上，应该是说 certainly当然 in particular特别是 first and foremost首先，第一 most importantly最重要的是 indeed确实如此 surely想必(强调推断),得体地使用过渡词,表示时间 after a while过了一会儿 meanwhile在这期间，同时 afterward以后，后来 now现在 as long as在期间内，长达 once一旦，只要 as soon as 一就 once upon a time从前 at last最后 presently当今，现在 shortly不久，马上 at that moment那一刻,得体地使用过渡词,表示时间 when当 at that time那时 since(自从)以来before在之前 so far到目前为止 soon不久，很快 early or late迟早，早晚 soon after不久，随即 immediately立即 in the meantime正在此时 then于是 in the past过去 thereafter其后 lately近来，最近 until直到(为止) later随后，稍后,得体地使用过渡词,表示地点 above在之上 nearby临近的 on the other side在另一边 below在之下 opposite to相反的，面对面的elsewhere在别处 there那里 farther(on)更远 to the east在之 here这里 to the left在左边 near近的，接近的 wherever不管什么地方,得体地使用过渡词,表示例证 for example例如 specifically特别地 for instance例如 that is(to say)也就是说,得体地使用过渡词,表示比较 like像一样，正如 as it were可谓，好比是 by comparison相比之下 similarly相似地 equally同样地 too也，而且 in the same way以同样方式,得体地使用过渡词,表示对照或转折 but(不)而 nevertheless依然 despite尽管，纵使 on the contrary 相反 however然而，但是 on the other hand另一方面 in contrast with与成对照 unlike与不同 instead代替，(不)而 whereas然而，虽然,得体地使用过渡词,表示目的 for the purpose of为达到目的 in order that为了,得体地使用过渡词,表示因果 accordingly因此，于是 for this reason正因为此 (and) thus因此，于是 hence因此，基于此 as a result结果 because因为 so that因此，以至于 consequently因此，所以 therefore因此，所以,得体地使用过渡词,表示概括 all in all总的来说 in conclusion最后，总之 as has been said如上所说 in short简单地说，总之 at last最后，总之 in summary总之 finally最后，总之 on the whole总的说来 in a word总而言之 to sum up总而言之 in brief简单地说，总之,美好的愿望,希望以上这些方法对于想进一步提高英语写作能力的同学有所帮助。 相信只要同学们多积累单词和词组、固定短语和名言警句，灵活使用，你们的书面表达一定会精彩纷呈。,情景作文,让 我们从2007年 高考说起,情景作文： 假设你是李华，要给英国笔友Harry写封信，介绍你班两位同学精选班长的过程。请按下图顺序描述。 注意：1.信的开头已为你写好。 2.词数不少于60. 提示词：竞选班长monitor election 2007北京高考试题英语作文.doc,你的理解有 误区吗,以下理解哪些是正确的？,1、四幅图，每一幅图是一个内容要 点，每一个要点必须有细节支撑； 2、如果漏写一个内容要点，降低2个档次； 3、如果漏写一个支撑细节，降低1个档次； 4、确定档次后，如果语言优美，词汇和句式丰富，可以加1分。 5、描写完4幅图后，一定要写出自己的看法。2007高考学生作文9篇.doc,题目,情景作文： 美国中学生Jeff将要来你所在的红星中学学习中文，经协商安排住在你家。假设你是李华，请给Jeff写一封信，按照下图顺序介绍他来中国后的生活安排。 注意：1. 信的开头已为你写好。 2. 词数不少于60。,Dear Jeff: Im Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School.,题目,情景作文写作要求,内容要点全、细节支持清楚、 上下文的连贯、 词汇和句式的多样性及语言的 准确性,考试说明指出必备的三大点：,审题,第一步：审题 文体: 人称: 时态: 要点:,1.假设你是李华，请给Jeff写一封信 2.美国中学生Jeff将要来你所在的红星中学学习中文,审题,审题 文体:记叙文 人称:第一人称,第二人称 时态:一般将来时(主要) 要点:四幅图加开头和结尾,句型,主语+谓语+宾语+地点+时间,开头,第二步：要点和细节 开头要叙述完整的过程。 时间，地点，人物，事件 Main idea: Where When Who What,开头,现在我告诉你你在北京的安排/计划. Now I tell you some arrangements/plans in Beijing.,图一,图二,图三,图四,结构,结尾 我希望你过的愉快。 I hope you will have a good time. I hope you will have a pleasant experience.,关联词,第三步：关联词 What connectors are used?,时间顺序,Development：the time line,in the morning,at noon,after class(school),第四步：词汇的丰富。,1.I will give you a _plan. 2.You will have a _room. 3.When you ride a bike, you will enjoy a _view. 4.At noon, you will eat _food in the dining hall.,wonderful,comfortable,beautiful,delicious,5.After school , you can take part in _ activities. 6.I think it will be an _experience,7.We ll spend time together_.,various,unforgettable,happily,8. Well discuss something in our study _in the dining hall 9. We will play ball