非谓语的特殊用法.ppt

Non-finite Verb (2),主要结构形式和 特殊结构的用法,一 不定式,否定式：not to +v. 不定式的时态、语态变化：,1. I plan the meeting tomorrow. to attend, to hold B. to be attened, to be held C. to attend , to be held D. to have attend, to have been held 2. He is believed to . A. be come B.be coming C. coming D.comes 3. Im sorry to you waiting such a long time. A. keep B. have kept C. be kept D. have been kept,注意：1 不定式的进行时态常用在appear, happen, pretend, seem等动词后。也表将来。 He pretended to be sleeping when I came in. 2.不定式的完成式常用在appear,consider,believe,hope,pretend, seem等表示看法与想法的动词后。此结构有时也可用it作形式主语的结构代替。 He seems to have bought the book. = It seems that he has bought the book.,3 动词expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, suppose, think, want, wish等的过去式加不定式的完成式，或他们的过去完成式加不定式的一般式，都表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划。 I hoped to have finished the work earlier. I have intended to call you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.,for sb. to do sth. 在句中的作用,1 作主语 Its quite possible for you to catch up with them in a short time . 表示人物特征的形容词同of后的名词或代词关系密切，有意义上的主表关系，常与搭of配; 表示事物特征的形容词同for后的名词或代词没有意义上的主表关系但与句中的不定式关系密切，有意义上的主表关系，常与 for搭配 It was very kind of you to come to help me . 2 作宾语 I think it better for you to see the doctor.,3 作表语 What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly. 4 作定于 He is an example for us to follow. 5 作状语 I sent some pictures for him to see what Paris is like.,二 动名词,动名词的时态、语态变化表,He likes being helped. Im sorry for not having kept my promise. His coming will be of great help to us. The house showed no sign of having been damaged. 有些动名词在句中是主动形式但有被动含义，如require/want/need doing , be worth doing,（ 一） 动名词的复合结构 动名词复合结构的一般规则是： 1 逻辑主语是有生命的名词时，必须用名词或代词的所有格；作宾语（尤其是在口语中），也可以用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。 Toms( His) coming is what we have expected. She didnt mind Jack/ (Jacks) / his (him) coming late. 2 逻辑主语是无生命名词时，只用名词普通格。 Is there any hope of our team winning the match? 3.逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词时，只用普通格。 She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside.,4 逻辑主语是以s结尾的名词，或是由一个以上的名词构成的词组时，用普通格。 I never heard of a person of character doing such a thing. It was quite unexpected the students finishing the exam so soon. 二） 动名词和不定式在意义上的区别。 1 动名词表示一般的习惯、抽象概念，或已成为过去的动作；不定式表示的往往是具体的或特定动作，也可以表示现在或将来的动作。 Playing with fire is dangerous. (泛指玩火） To play with fire will be dangerous.(指具体动作）,2 两者在句中都可以作主语，但在下列句型中常用-ing 形式 no use/good It is/was not any use/good +doing sth of little use/good useless It is of little good staying up too late every day.,独立主格结构,分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果与句子的主语不一致，那么分词短语须有自己的逻辑主语，且要用独立主格结构的形式表达。 构成方法：名词或代词分词（形容词、副词、介词短语、名词）。独立主格没有主语和谓语，所以不是句子。此结构常在句中起方式、时间、条件等状语或状语从句的作用，要用逗号与句子的主体部分隔开。,1.The guest having left, she began to take a short rest. 2.The exam to be held tomorrow, I wou