大学英语自主阅读II-2.pptVIP

Historical Characters in Various Cultures,Book II-2,All the world is a stage Shakespeare held that,Introduction,This unit will offer you an insight into the household masterpiece of Three Kingdoms, and draw you closer to the heroes and the major events of the romance.,A Romance of Three Kingdoms sets a grand stage for numerous heroes to put on ups and downs by Luo Guanzhong,Background Information for Three Kingdoms,Romance of the Three Kingdoms is one of the great chinese classics and is compiled into a semi-fictional literary masterpiece during the Ming Dynasty by Luo Guanzhong. The novel comprises around 70+% fact and 20+% fiction. e.g. Some issues such as Guan Yus weapon weighing around 40 kilograms, the capabilities of Lu Bu, Liu Beis horses some others are probably fictional.,Background Information for Three Kingdoms,That period in history can be said as the golden age of chivalry and although it happened more than 1700 years ago, characters such as Liu Bei, Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhuge Liang have become household names among the Chinese.,Background Information for Three Kingdoms,Romance of the Three Kingdoms is not only about the struggle and conflicts among the warlords, it is about loyalty, betrayal, courage, lust, determination, responsibilities, repaying the kindness of others and trust among people. Notice: More information you can derive from: /wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms,Background Information for Three Kingdoms,1. What is Luo Guanzhongs outlook on history, the author of the original work?,He made the history a struggle between good and bad guys.,2. Why did Zhuge Liang submit “Memorial on Sending Out the Troops” to the emperor?,Because he wanted to express his ambition that is settlement of the central China and restoration of the Han regime. It embodied the overall strategy in his Dialogue of Longzhong.,1. Introduction (Para. 1-3) 2. Comment on the novel (Para. 4-10) 3. Zhuge Liang was an outstanding politician and strategist. (Para. 11-18),Introduction (Para. 1-3),Three Kingdoms is the first popular novel in China. (Para. 1) How the Three Kingdoms came from. (Para. 2) The authors outlook on history seems not admirable, but a struggle between good and bad guys. (Para. 3),Comment on the novel (Para. 4-10),A. The novel illustrates the Chinese warfare theories with stress on strategies. (Para. 4-7) Some examples: “The Battle of Red Cliff” (Para. 5)； “The Strategy of the Unguarded City” (Para. 6-7) B. Three Kingdoms is more like a schoolbook on life. (Para.8) C. It is one of Chinese novels that have the most reprints and sell best. (Para.9-10) The reasons: For the last six hundred years Three Kingdoms has been circulated in different forms. ( Para.9) Few novels can bear comparison with Three Kingdoms in terms of the multitude of represented characters. (Para. 10),Zhuge Liang was an outstanding politician and strategist. (Para. 11-18),A. A brief introduce Zhuge Liang (Para. 11) B. “Three Calls to a Cottage”; “Dialogue of Longzhong”. (Para.12-13) C. A series of events after AD 225 (Para.14-16) By capturing and releasing the ethnic chieftain Meng Huo seven times ( Para.14); “Memorial on Sending Out the Troops” (Para. 15) Some facts and fictitious made Zhuge Liang the soul of wisdom in peoples mind (Para. 16) D. A high comment on Zhuge Liang: (Para.17-18) He died at his post before his troops triumphed. (Para. 17) The famous maxim “work with devotion until death” from his “work with devotion until death” is the very picture of Zhuge Liangs life. (Para. 18),such as (Para. 2) Unable to detect the real situation (Para.6) Instead (Para. 13),1. Its author Luo Guanzhong created this novel by collecting and collating tales about the Three Kingdoms in ballads and dramas and drawing on historical works such as Records of the Three Kingdoms, The Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms and the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid of Government. (Para. 2),for example，such as和like都可用来举例，但用法有所不同。 For example，air is invisible. 例如，空气是看不见的。 Some of the European languages derive from Latin，such as French，Italian and Spanish. 有些欧洲语言来源于拉丁语，例如，法语、意大利语和西班牙语。 saved things like old newspapers and pieces of string. 收集起来的如旧报纸和绳子之类的东西,for example作“例如”讲时，一般只以同类事物或人中的“一个”为例，作插入语，用逗号隔开，可置于句首、句中或句末。 For example, Illinols was named for the Indians who used to live in that part of the country. 例如,伊利诺州就取名于过去生活在这里的印第安人。 such as也作为“例如”讲，用来列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。 Boys such as John and James are very friendly. 像约翰和詹姆斯这样的男孩都很友好。,like也常用来表示举例，可与such as互换。但such as用于举例可以分开使用，此时不可与like互换。 Some warm-blooded animals，like/such as the cat，the dog or the wolf，do not need to hibernate. 一些温血动物，像猫、狗和狼都不需要冬眠。 He has several such reference books as dictionaries and handbooks. 他有几本像字典、手册之类的参考书。,注 意 : 用such as来举例子，只能举出其中的一部分，一般不能全部举出。若全部举出，要改用namely（意为“即”）。 He knows four languages，namely Chinese，English，Russian and French. 他精通四门语言，即汉语、英语、俄语和法语。,自我测试：根据句意，用for example，such as或like填空。 1.Noise, _，is a kind of pollution. 2.I like drinks _ tea and soda. 3. _，my full name is James Allen Green. Green is my family name. 4. You can buy fruit here _ oranges and bananas， 5.There are several people interested，_ Mr Jones and Mr Simpson. key：1.for example 2.like/such as 3.For example 4.for example 5.like,The experienced general Sima Yi is puzzled. Unable to detect the real situation, he withdraws his troops to avoid falling into a trap. (Para.6),Unable to detect the real situation，是一个由形容词词组表示的无动词分句，作原因状语。无动词分句是一种缩略分句结构，通常在这种结构省略了be，因而其深层结构属于SVC句型。,Hungry as a wolf, two big bowls of rice did not seem too much. Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote. The puppy, aware that he had done something wrong, refused to eat.,In his cottage in Longzhong the far-sighted Zhuge Liang proposed to Liu Bei that he should not confront Cao Cao who had a million-strong army. Instead, Liu Bei should ally with Sun Quan who had occupied the region east of Yangzi River for generations. (Para. 13),instead / instead of 的用法区别： instead是副词，意为代替，顶替，需要在一定的上下文中使用 instead of 是介词短语，意为代替，而不是，后面常接名词，代词，动名词和介词短语。,Would you like some tea, please? No, thanks, but I would like some coffee instead. Instead of doing his homework, he went out and played football.,instead的作用是它所修饰的句子表达出的物品、人、等代替另一种，即有instead的句子一般都是表示说话人最终的选择 instead of ，中文意思与instead相同，但效果完全相反。也就是说instead of 后面接的是未被选择的动作、行为或者物品。,maxim (Para.18) confrontation (Para.17) station (Para.17) deploy (Para.16) fictitious (Para.16) relief (Para.16) embodiment (Para.15) restoration (Para.15) settlement (Para.15) synonymous (Para.12) in terms of (Para.10) find ones way to (Para.9),circulate (Para.9) exert influence on (Para.8) fabricate (Para.7) vt. general (Para.6) spare (Para.5) vt. campaign (Para.5) diverse (Para.4) commercial (Para.4) take as :(Para.4) admirable (Para.3) outlook (Para.3) serve as (Para.1) entitle (Para.2),serve as (Para.1) be of service or use, function作为用; 担任; 起.作用 When you sleep in the open, old newspapers can serve as a blanket. 在野外睡觉时，就报纸可充作毛毯用。 He served two terms as President . 他担任过两任总统,entitle (Para.2) 1. To give a name or title to.给题名或命名 2. To furnish with a right or claim to something: 给权利或给资格： The editorial is entitled“.”. 这篇社论的题目是.。 The coupon entitles the bearer to a 25 percent savings.持券人享有存款总额的百分之二十五。 Every citizen is entitled to equal protection under the law. 每个公民都有权依法受同等保护,outlook (Para.3) A point of view; an attitude: 观点看法；态度： Expectation for the future: 展望前景： A place where something can be viewed. 可以看见一些事物的地方 The view seen from such a place. 景色从这样一个地方看到的景致 a positive outlook 一种积极的态度 outlook on life人生观 a pleasant outlook 悦人的景色 the economic outlook经济前景 the long-term outlook for economic growth 经济发展的长期展望,admirable (Para.3) a. deserving admiration.值得赞美的，令人钦佩的 admire v.赞美, 钦佩, 羡慕 admiringly adv. 钦佩地, 羡慕地 admiration n.钦佩, 赞美, 羡慕 admirableness n.美妙 admirably adv.极好地, 美好地 admiring adj. 赞赏的, 钦佩的,take as :(Para.4) consider as; regard as; assume认为；把看作 He was taken as the foremost authority on chemistry. 他被认为是化学最高权威。 You must take us as you find us. 你认为我们是什么样的人，就是什么样的人。,commercial (Para.4) a. of or relating to commerce: 商业的商业的或与商业有关的： engaged in commerce:从事商业的： a commercial trucker.从事商业的卡车运输业者 Involved in work that is intended for the mass market: 迎合大众的， of, relating to, or being goods, often unrefined, produced and distributed in large quantities for use by industry. 大量生产的 having profit as a chief aim:以获利为目的的： a commercial artist.迎合大众的艺术家 A commercial college teaches things that would be useful in business. 商学院教授那些在商业中可能会有用的东西。 a commercial television.商业电视台 a commercial company贸易公司 commercial depression商业萧条 a commercial school商业学校 a commercial loan商业贷款 a commercial attach 商务帮办,commercial (Para.4) n. An advertisement on television or radio.在电视或无线电上的广告 The aim of the repetitions of the same commercial on television is nothing but to brainwash consumers into compulsive consumption. 电视上反复地播放同一个广告的目的无非是想宣传得使消费者非用不可。,commerce n.商业 commercially adv. 商业上, 通商上 commercialese n., adj. (函件上的)商业用语（的） commercialism n.商业主义， 商业精神， 商业习惯； 商业文体用语 commercialist n.商业家， 商业主义者； 营利主义者,diverse (Para.4) differing one from another. 不同的，相异的 made up of distinct characteristics, qualities, or elements: 多种多样的，形形色色的由不同风格、特性或因素组成的 Prague . . . offers visitors a series of excursions into a rich and diverse past 布拉格为旅客提供一连串的短途旅行，带领他们进入丰富多采的历史中” My sister and I have diverse ideas on how to raise children. 在怎样养育孩子的问题上，我姐姐与我有迥然不同的看法。,区别意义：different, diverse, divergent, distinct, various 意思都含“不同的”。 different 系普通用语, 指“事物间的区别或本质上的不同”, 侧重“相异的”: The two boys are different in their tastes. 这两个男孩的兴趣是相异的。 diverse指“性质、种类十分不同的”, 如: The word is now used in a sense diverse from the original meaning. 在某种意义上说, 此词现在的含义与最初的含义完全不同。 divergent指“分歧的”、“差异的”, 强调“不相容的”, 如: divergent schools of thought 不同的思想流派。 distinct指“两个或更多个东西各自有其特点, 不容混淆”, 含有“明显”和“性质上不同”的意思, 如: things similar in form but distinct in nature 形式相似, 实质不同的东西。 various 强调“种类或性质的不同与多样”, 而“不强调其本质的差别”, 如: representatives from various parts of the country 全国各地的代表。,campaign (Para.5) vi.& n. A series of military operations undertaken to achieve a large-scale objective during a war: 战役 An operation or series of operations energetically pursued to accomplish a purpose: 运动计划；措施： Grants Vicksburg campaign secured the entire Mississippi for the Union. 格兰特的维克伯格战役为联邦挽救了整个密西西比 Jean is campaigning for equal rights for women. 琼在参加争取妇女平等权利的运动。,a political campaign政治运动 an election campaign竞选活动 a campaign to stop people smoking一项阻止人们吸烟的运动 an advertising campaign for a new product 一项旨在推出新产品的广告计划 a candidates political campaign 一项候选人的政治计划 a fund-raising campaign; 一项筹措资金的计划,spare (Para.5) vt. 节约, 吝惜; 不用, 省掉, 略而不说; 抽出, 剩下; 出让, 割爱; 放过, 饶恕; 不杀, 饶命; 不伤害, 使某人免遭(麻烦、痛苦等) spare no efforts pains不遗余力 spare no expense 不惜工本 =spare sb. his life)饶某人一命 Can you spare the time to help me? 你能抽出这段时间帮我吗? Can you spare me this book for a while? 这本书能让我看一会儿吗? Can you spare me a few litres of petrol? 你能匀给我几公升汽油吗? We may meet again if we are spared. 如果我们不死, 还会见面的。 He does not spare himself. 他对自已要求很严。 He did the work to spare you the trouble. 他做了那件事使你免去麻烦。 She never spares the butter when baking. 她烤东西的时候从不吝惜奶油。 Please spare me your opinions, just tell me the facts. 请你不要对我讲你的意见, 把事实告诉我就行了。,general (Para.6) A commissioned rank in the U.S. Army, Air Force, or Marine Corps that is above lieutenant general. 一级上将, 美国陆军、空军或海军中在上尉之上一军阶 Marine Corps 海军陆战队 General 上将 Lieutenant General 中将 Major General 少将 Brigadier 准将 Colonel 上校 Lieutenant Colonel 中校 Major 少校 Captain 上尉 Lieutenant 中尉 Second Lieutenant 少尉,general (Para.6) a. Affecting or characteristic of the majority of those involved; prevalent: 普遍的，流行的影响有关事物的大多数的，具有大多数的特征的；流行的： the general opinion 一般舆论 general discontent 普遍的不满 a matter of general interest 引起公众兴趣的事情 general-service adj. 通用的, 一般用途的 general-utility adj. 通用的, 万用的,fabricate (Para.7) vt. 1.To make; create.制作,创造; 2. To concoct in order to deceive: 编造, 捏造 philosophers fabricating new theories of the universe 创造新宇宙学说的哲学家们 They fabricated evidence and threatened witnesses. 他们伪造证据并威胁目击者。 fabricate a document 伪造文件 fabricated an excuse. 编造借口,exert influence on (Para.8): have a power to affect persons or events 施加影响 exert v. To put to use or effect 运用使应用或有效力 For college students to do a part-time job will exert a profound influence on their personality and life. 打工对大学生的个性培养和今后生活都具有深远的影响。 That council member has been exerting a lot of pressure on the company to accept the raw material of low quality. 那个市议员一直在对这个公司施加很大的压力,要他们接受这批劣质原料。 He is a hypocrite and never exerts himself to help anyone. 他是个伪君子,从不尽力帮助任何人。,circulate (Para.9) 1）To spread widely among persons or places; disseminate: 散布，传播 People who circulate false news are to be blamed. 散布流言者该受遣责。 The agent of the private enterprise has started to circulate false stories about the union. (喻) 这家私营企业的资方代理人开始散布有关工会的流言蜚语。,circulate (Para.9) 2）To move in or flow through a circle or circuit: 循环进入或沿环路流动： Blood circulates through the body. 血液在全身循环。 3) To move around, as from person to person or place to place: 巡回，穿梭到处走，从人到人或从地区到地区 The prince circulated from group to group at the party. 王子在宴会中穿梭于人群之间。 The politician circulated at the dance party, talking to lots of people. 那个政治家在跳舞晚会上到处走动,同许多人交谈。,find ones way to (Para.9) arrive or get (there) 到达 (某地) They found their way to the golden coast at last. He found his way home.,in terms of (Para.10): according to a particular point of view or way of thinking根据, 按照 It is difficult to express it in terms of science. 要用科学的字眼来表达他是很困难的。 In terms of stellar distances a journey from the earth to the moon would appear very short. 从星际距离的角度来看，从地球到月球的路程是很短的。,synonymous (Para.12) n. having the same or a similar meaning: 同义的，有相同或类似意思的： There is a widespread impression that . . . Hollywood was synonymous with immortality 普遍的印象是好莱坞是不朽的同义词,antonymous 反义的,captur (Para.14) 1. To take captive, as by force or craft; seize. 俘虏，捕获; They captured more than ten thousand prisoners and large quantities of arms in that campaign. 他们在那次战役中俘获了一万多战俘和大量武器。 2. To gain possession or control of, as in a game or contest: 赢得，对的占有或控制; capture the queen in chess 下国际象棋时吃掉王后 The state visit by the premier captured the headlines of all newspapers. 总理的国事访问各报都用大标题登出。 3. To attract and hold:引起（注意）并吸引住; tales of adventure that capture the imagination. 引起想象的探险故事 4.To succeed in preserving in lasting form:成功地长久保存 capture a likeness in a painting. 保存一幅油画中的人物肖像, settlement (Para.15) n. the act or process of going and living in, esp. permanently 定居, 殖民,移民 The settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago. 由白人进行的向非洲移民开始于500年前。 When did the settlement of Carolina begin？ 卡罗来纳殖民的开拓是何时开始的？, restoration (Para.15) n .the state of returning it to its earlier condition or position 被恢复的状态 Closed during restorations. 修建期间暂不开放。 Restoration of the sculpture was expensive. 恢复那座雕像花了很多钱 This castle is a mere restoration. 这只不过是(按原样)重建的城堡。 the restoration of diplomatic relations 外交关系的恢复 restoration to health and strength 健康与体力的恢复 the restoration of the lost watch to its owner 将丢失的手表归还原主,restore vt.恢复, 使回复, 归还, 交还, 修复, 重建 restorer n.修补者, 修建者 restoral n.恢复, 归还, 复位, 复职, 赔偿, 修补, 重建, 修复物 restorative adj.有助于复元的 n.滋补剂 restorable adj. 可恢复的, embodiment (Para.15) n. the act of representing something abstract in real or concrete form具体化 The flag is the embodiment, not of sentiment, but of history. 旗帜是一个化身，并非感情的而是历史的 The new highway is the embodiment of the very latest designing ideas. 这座新的高速公路是最新设计思想的体现。,embody v. To give a bodily form to; incarnate 具体化赋予以形体, 具体化 ； To represent in bodily or material form: 体现以形体的或物质的形式代表： As John Adams embodied the old style, Andrew Jackson embodied the new 正象约翰阿达姆斯体现了旧风格，安德鲁杰克逊体现了新风格 Words embody thoughts and feelings. 言语具体表现各种思想和感情。, relief (Para.16) n. distinction or prominence due to contrast 因对比而产生的区别 The lightning lifted the whole scene into stark relief. 闪电将整个景象照得轮廓极为分明 His noble nature stood out in relief from the evil of his surroundings. 周围一片邪恶，相形之下他的高贵本性更为引人瞩目。 This reality casts in strong relief the racist character of the aggression. 这一事实使种族主义者的侵略本质暴露无遗, fictitious (Para.16) adj. relating to, or characterized by fiction, imaginary 虚构的，想象的 He writes under a fictitious name. 他用假名写作