新英语教程第一册unit4.ppt

Unit Four,Why is the Native Language Learnt So Well?,黄 贵 赵伟兴 肖 薇,Pre-reading Activities,Text Analysis,Supplementary Exercises,Writing Practice,Cultural Readings,Background Information,Pre-reading Activities I,Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason. If we knew how children learn their native language, perhaps we would have an easy way to teach adults, as well as children, a second language. This is a very interesting idea.,more,Authors Information,Name: Otto Jespersen 1860-1943 Danish philologist Founder of the International Phonetic Association Works: Modern English Grammar Growth and Structure of the English Language,Back,Warm-up Questions,Pre-reading Activities II,1. How long have you been learning English? 2. Have you got a good command of the language? 3. Did you have difficulties in learning your mother tongue as do in learning English? 4. Is there a big difference? Why?,Back,words & expressions,New Words,Listening,analysis of text,Phrases,Language study,Outline,Back,adapt vt./vi. comparison n. method n. professional a. oral a. aid n. visual a. command n. faulty a. flexible a. organ n. acquire vt. adult a./n. structure n. behavior n. resistance n. favorable a. sympathy n. bubble n./v. plunge vt./vi. intense a. fulfill vt. accuracy n.,to hold water 站的住脚 in sbs opinion 依照某人的看法 to lie in 在于 in the first place 首先，原来，本来 that is 那就是 to drink in 如饥似渴的汲取 as it were 似乎，可以说是 all the year round 一年到头 to take pains 尽力，费苦心,Back,How does it happen that children learn their mother tongue so well? Let us compare them with adults learning a foreign language, for the comparison is both interesting and instructive. Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up person with fully developed mental powers. Here a method of teaching without planning; there the whole task laid out in a system. Here no professional teachers, but parents, brothers and sisters, playmates; there teachers specially trained to teach languages. Here,oral instruction; there not only that, but text-books, dictionaries and visual aids. And yet this is the result: here a complete mastery of the language, however stupid the children; there, in most cases, even with people otherwise highly gifted, a faulty and inexact command. Why is there such a difference? Some people believe that a childs organs of speech are more flexible than an adults. This explanation, however, does not really hold water. Children do not learn sounds correctly at once, but make very many mistakes. Their flexibility of the,tongue and lips is acquired later, and with no small difficulty. Others maintain that a childs ear is especially sensitive. But then the ear also needs training, since at first it can hardly notice differences in sounds which grown-up people hear most clearly. The real answer in my opinion lies partly in the child himself, partly in the behavior of the people around him. In the first place, the time of learning the mother tongue is the most favorable of all, that is, the first years of life. A child hears it spoken from,morning till night and, what is more important, in its genuine form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure. He drinks in all the words and ex- pressions which come to him in a fresh, ever- bubbling spring. There is no resistance: there is perfect assimilation. Then the child has, as it were, private lessons all the year round, while an adult language-student has each week a limited number of hours which he usually shares with others. Besides, the child,hears the language in all possible situations. Here there is nothing unnatural, such as is often found in language lessons in schools, when one talks about ice and snow in June or intense heat in January. And what a child hears is usually what immediately interests him. Again and again, when he succeeds in his attempts at speech, his desires are understood and fulfilled. Finally, though a childs “teachers” may not have been trained in language teaching, they always show deep concern for him. They take great pains to,make their lessons easy and interesting, always repeating the same phrases and at the same time doing the thing they are talking about. They are greatly pleased at every little advance the child makes. Every attempt meets with sympathy and encouragement, and the most difficult step on the path of language becomes a game. Unfortunately, this is a point often not noticed by teachers of language, who demand faultless accuracy from the beginning. By keeping their pupils working too long at some little part of the subject, they often kill,their interest in learning the language. Perhaps one should not only sprinkle the pupil, but plunge him right down into the sea of language and enable him,Back,to swim by himself as soon as possible. A great deal will arrange itself in the brain without the learning of too many special rules or the aid of elaborate explanations.,Grammar point,vt. compare with to judge one against another in order to show the likeness or difference. 与比较 compare to to considersimilar to 把比作,Compared with his brother, he seems to be much cleverer. Teachers are often compared to a candle.,compare,to draw/make a between 在两者之间作比较 beyond 无法比较 by / in with 与相比之下 bear / stand with 比得上，不亚于,function of “for”?,“Let us compare them with adults learning a foreign language, for the comparison is both interesting and instructive.”,Whats the function of the word “for”?,“for” is a conjunction, used to indicate the reason. It equals to “because”.,key,instructive,instructive adj. giving knowledge or information 有益的，有教育性的 instruction n. illumination 说明 statement on how to do things 指令，指导 instructor n. a college or university teacher who ranks below an assistant professor. 讲师（美）,The teacher recommended us to read some instructive books.,Read the s carefully before you take the medicine.,He earns a living as a driving instructor.,Sentence paraphrasing,“Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up person with fully developed mental powers.”,How to paraphrase this sentence?,The learners of foreign languages are adults, fully developed in body and mind, with knowledge and experience; while learners of their native language are children, without any knowledge or experience.,key,lay out,lay out to arrange according to the plans or the designs 有计划的安排,lay out a town lay out a garden for flowers a well laid out magazine Most of Manhattan is laid out in a grid pattern, with avenues going north-south and streets east-west.,aid,aid n. Aid has two meanings. One meaning is to help. Another meaning of aid is to give money to or to give support. 帮助；资助,How much overseas aid does Britain give?,in aid of sb/ sth in support of sb./ sth. with the aid of with the help of sb./ sth.,command,vt. to direct with authority; give orders to. 命令 n. an order given with authority.（名）命令，指令,The officer commanded his men to fire. Who is in command here? ( in command= in charge ),at/ by ones 受某人的指挥,He has twenty men at his .,hold water to be valid or true / bear close examination 证明正确合理， 站得住脚， 说得通,hold water,Her story seems to be reasonable, but Im afraid it wont hold water in the court. We believe Einsteins theory-the theory of relativity holds water.,Sentence paraphrasing,“Their flexibility of the tongue and lips is acquired later, and with no small difficulty.”,Children dont have flexible organs of speech at birth. Their flexibility is acquired later and with great difficulty.,How to paraphrase this sentence?,key,flexibility,flexibility,flexible adj. Capable of being bent or flexed; pliable. 柔软的，弹性的 flexibility n. 弹性, 适应性, 机动性,flexible plastic tubing Rubber is a flexible substance. Our plans are quite flexible. I like the job because of its flexibility in time.,Sentence paraphrasing,“But then the ear also needs training, since at first it can hardly notice differences in sounds which grown-up people hear most clearly.”,How to paraphrase this sentence?,key,Childrens ears are not sensitive by birth. At first they cant hear differences in sounds, which adults can notice easily. Only by training day by day do their ears become sensitive.,lie in: to exist 在于，存在于 （+ doing sth. / that ） to sleep in (US) 睡懒觉,lie in,His real interest lies in developing a new personal computer. The problem lies in that nobody has seen that criminal. Its a holiday tomorrow, so you can lie in.,favorable,favor v./ n. to support 赞成，支持 to prefer 偏爱，偏袒 to help 帮助（usu. N. ）,Of the two possible plans I favor the first. She always favors her youngest child. May I ask a favor of you ?,do sb. a 帮某人一个忙 be in of sb. 赞成某人,favorable adj. showing approval ( to/ toward sb./ sth.) 赞许的，良好的,favorite adj./n. the person/ the thing liked most 最喜欢的人或事,Is he favorable to the proposal?,Blue is my favorite./ Blue is my favorite color.,drink in to take in 吸收，汲取 to watch or listen attentively 看的、听得入神,drink in,Try to drink in all the knowledge in the lessons. They stood there drinking in the beauty of the landscape.,resist,resist v. to use force in order to prevent sth happening 抵抗，反抗 n. the force to prevent sth. happening ( resistance to sth.) （名）反抗，抵抗力，阻力,Physical exercises bring us the power to resist disease. The demonstrators offered little or no resist / resistance to the police.,as it were,as it were (fixed expression) so to speak 可以说是.,He is, as it were, a walking dictionary. In many ways children live, as it were, in a different world from adults., 通常作插入语。 在插入语中，注意前后不能少“，”。,share v. to use together, have in common 分享，均分，共有 n. a part, a portion 共享，参与，一份,share,The two universities share many characteristics. The father left each child an equal share of his property.,such as for example ( 表示例举) “such” a pronoun corresponding to “that/those” 代词，相当于that或those的用法 “as” a relative pronoun corresponding to “which” 代词，相当于which的用法 “such as” used as a whole “what” 可以看作what的代词用法,such as,Take from the blankets such as you need. Take from the blankets what you need. I havent many specimens but I will send you such as I have I havent many specimens but I will send you what I have.,活学活用,fulfill v. to perform 履行 to complete 实现，完成（计划等）,fulfill,You should fulfill your promise since you make it. We have fulfilled the job ahead of time., oneself 充分发挥自己的才能,take (great) pains to make great efforts. 努力做某事 （常用法）：+ with sth. / to do sth.,take pains,Many took great pains with her English lessons and got high marks. They took great pains to build up their influence there.,keep sb doing cause sb to continue in a condition 使某人一直处于某种状态 或持续某种动作。,How can I trust you if you keep lying to me? Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.,keep sb. doing,sprinkle to scatter sth. on the other things in small drops 撒（某物）于 之表面 （常用法） A on/ onto/over B B with A, water on a dusty path a dusty path with water pepper on ones food. ones food with pepper,sprinkle,plunge fall into sth. suddenly 突然投入,刺入 to enter a specified condition 陷入（一种状态）,plunge,They plunged into the freezing water. The news plunged us into despair.,Outline of the text,Comparison of the conditions and results of native/foreign language learning 2. Two wrong opinions on the reasons for the different results. 1) Flexibility of childrens organs of speech 2) Sensitivity of childrens ears Real reasons “In the first place ” time of learning “Then ” situations of learning “Finally ” teachers attitudes Conclusion: the authors suggestion on how to improve the ways of teaching and learning a foreign language.,Back,Grammar: The Passive Voice (被动语态),在主动语态（active voice ）中，动词的主语是执行动作的人或物。 John burnt the dinner last night. 在被动语态（passive voice ）中，主语是动作的承受者。 The dinner was burnt last night.,2. 被动语态的构成是：be 的适当形式+过去分词。 The dinner was burnt,3. 主要的时态形式 be 的其中一种时态+过去分词 ： 现在时 he writes it is written 过去时 he wrote it was written 现在/过去完成时 he has/had written it has/had been written,4. 基本的情态动词形式是 ： 情态动词be/have been过去分词 will he will write it will be written may he may write it may be written may have he may have written it may have been written,5.不定式 ：to be / to have been + 过去分词 he is/was to write it is to be written/ it was to have been written,(1)They have proved that there is no life on the moon. (2)Someone has to write the history of the European community one day. (3)They have sold their car to pay their debts. (4)They hold a meeting in the village hall once a week.,It has been proved that there is no life on the moon.,The history of the European community has to be written one day.,Their car has been sold to pay their debts.,A meeting was held in the village hall once a week.,Summary filling,Vocabulary & structure,Translation,Exercises,Back,By making a _ between children and _ in language learning, the writers tells that the reason for the difference is not flexible speech _ or the _ ears, but the _ of learning, the _ of learning and the teachers _.,comparison,adults,organs,sensitive,time,situation,attitudes,Summary filling,Direction: The following passage is the summary of the text, put the missing words in the blanks according your understanding of the text.,To compare, comparison, comparable, comparative, comparatively a. Instant coffee cant _ with freshly ground coffee. b. Shakespeare _ the world to a stage. c. “Better” is the _ form of “good” and “well”. d. Our house is no _ with yours. Ours is just a small hut. e. _ with what he already had, the new stamps were very interesting. f. Man is a _ new creature on the surface of the earth.,compare,compared,comparative,comparable,Compared,comparatively,Vocabulary & structure,Directions: Use the appropriate forms of the words listed to fill the blanks of the following sentences.,2. To adapt, adaptation, adapted, adaptable a. Evolution occurs as a result of _ to new environment b. Many software companies have _ popular programs to the new operating system. c. To succeed in business, you must be _. d. Davies is busy _ Paul Brink worths latest novel for children.,adaptation,adapted,adaptable,adapting,Back,常有这样的事，教师一开始就要求学生准确无误。(happen) 这个问题的解决在于克服我们面前的这些困难。(lie in) 这位篮球运动员通过不断训练获得了身体的灵活性。(acquire) 4. 首先，这篇文章所谈论的正是我们大家所关心的。(what),It often happens that teachers demand faultless accuracy from the beginning.,The answer to this problem lies in overcoming the difficulties in front of us.,The basketball player acquired his flexibility of body through constant exercise.,In the first place, what is talked about in this article is what we all are concerned with.,Back,Translation,Writing exercise,Model essay,Writing tips,Writing practice,Writing tips 3 定义说明,同过揭示概念的内涵或下定义的方式来明确 概念的写作方法。旨在给事物的性质和特点下定 义，回答“什么是”和“怎样理解”之类的 问题。故此，这类作文要求作者具备科学严谨的 文风，定义要下得准确合理，文字说明要全面到位。 作者常常会借助举例说明的手法或比较说明的手法 达到界定事物的目的。 定义主要分正式定义和非正式定义。正式定义 指词典上的定义。这种严格的定义常用来阐述具体 或者没有争议的词或术语。正式定义使用的范围很 有限。讨论理想、概念或情感时，只有用非正式定 义才能做出满意的解释。,定义说明的时候应该注意以下几点： 1）对于抽象的词语，如自由、幸福、爱等，不同的人对于它们的意义，特别是涵义有不同的认识。所以，要根据自己的写作目的给出合适的定义。 2）定义说明虽然指出定义对象的实质和特有属性，但是必须表明了解给定定义的目的。定义往往会附加作者的观点和态度倾向，所以，下定义的时候要和文章的观点一致。 3）定义说明文没有固定的模式。因此，在下定义的同时，我们还要使用其它的说明方法，使说明更加清晰具体。,Back,Directions: Write a small paragraph talking on “ambition”, stating how you understand this word.,Writing exercise,Back,Model essay,Ambition means the goal in our life. To have ones ambition does not necessarily mean to become the chief state leaders. This is not in the real sense of the word. The ambition is the goal that encourages us always to look forward and not to lose hope because of failure. Ambition differs from person to person and everyone has his own ambition. Yet not every one of us can succeed in what we desire to do.,Back,In any comprehension text you will find words that you dont know. You can look them up in a dictionary, of course; but every time you break off your reading to consult a dictionary, you not only slow down your reading speed, but also interrupt your thinking.,Reading skills,怎么办呢？,It is therefore important to find ways to deal with new vocabulary without using a dictionary. Perhaps the most important aid in dealing with new vocabulary is context. A context is a sentence, paragraph, or longer unit of writing that surrounds a word and determines its meaning. When you meet a new words or a new phrase, you should look at its context.,Tip 1: Using Definitions as Context Clues Tip 2: Using Examples as Context Clues Tip 3: Using Restatement as Context Clues,常用于暗示definition的表达有： means, is/are, . is/are called, is/are known as, can be defined as,常用于表明example的表达有：such as, for example, like, for instance, especially,常用于暗示restatement的表达有：or , in other words, that is, to put it another way, that is to say,现在，我明白啦！,Back,Reading passage,How to Give a Good Speech (We are called upon to make a speech at some point in life, but most of us dont do a very good job. This article gives some suggestions on how to give a good speech.) . So, you have to give a speech and youre afraid. You get nervous, you forget what you want to say, you talk too long, and you bore your audience. Later you think, “Thank goodness, it over. Im just no good at public speaking. I hope I never have to do that again.”,. Cheer up! It doesnt have to be that bad. Here are some simple steps to take the pain out of speech-making. First of all, it is important to plan. Do your homework. Find out everything you can about your subject. And, at the same time, find out as