英文标点符号、大小写、斜体字.ppt

审读员培训资料七：,Punctuation 标点符号的使用,目 录, Apostrophe（撇号） Brackets （方括号） ： Colon （冒号） ， Comma(逗号) Dash(破折号),目 录, Ellipsis(删节号) ! Exclamation Mark (感叹号) - Hyphen(连字号) ( ) Parentheses (圆括号) Period or Full Stop (句号) Virgule or Slant (斜线号),目 录,? Question Mark (问号) “” Quotation Marks(引号) ； Semicolon (分号), Apostrophe（撇号）,1. 表示名词或不定代词的所有格 Shakespeares plays / yesterdays news / for goodness sake / a friend of Johns / anyone elses property 构成规则： 1)不以s结尾的单、复数名词加s the boys book / Mr. Smiths bike / the mens clubs / my parents-in-laws car, Apostrophe（撇号）,2）以s结尾的复数名词加 the students opinions / the Joneses house 3）以s结尾的单数名词加s或 my bosss (或boss) office / Charless (或Charles) brother / Keatss (或Keats) poems, Apostrophe（撇号）,2. 表示数字、符号、字母或词形本身的复数 His 7s look like 9s. / Make sure that your ts look different from your xs. / The teacher had only four As in his class. / You have used too many ands in your themes., Apostrophe（撇号）,3.表示省略了字母、数字或单词 lets (= let us) / neer ( = never) / cause ( = because) / Ive ( = I have) seen the film. / the class of 91 ( = 1991) / St. Patricks (Cathedral) / She was at her dentists (clinic) when I called., Brackets（方括号）,1. 在引述他人文字中插入自己解释性或评述性的词语 The author of Orlando Furioso Ariosto influenced many later poets, both Italian and non-Italian.,Finding the wrong mate can mean spending your years with “a lifelong enemy.”Emphasis is mine. The entry reads, “The father died of numonia sic.”, Brackets（方括号）,2.对原文加以修正 He was born in 1807. actually in 1809 3.括出剧本中的舞台提示 JONES: waving his arms Away with you! 4.作圆括号内的括号 (That was the colour blue she preferred.),： Colon （冒号）,1. 引出表示列举、解释或说明性的词语 The string section consists of four instruments: violin, viola, cello, and bass. His grades are as follows: English, an A; History, a B; Science, a D; and Math, a C.,： Colon （冒号）,2引出对前文进行补充、总结或强调的词语 Judges have a double duty: They must protect the innocent and punish the guilty. He has only one pleasure: eating.,： Colon （冒号）,3引出较长的正式引语或大段引语(正式文体中) In his most famous speech he said: All men are created equal and must enjoy equally the fights that are inalienably theirs.,： Colon （冒号）,4用于信件或演说词中的称呼语之后(英国用法中多用逗号) Dear Sir: / Dear Professor Jones: / Ladies and Gentlemen: 5用于公函、政府文件或商业函件的标题或标目之后 TO: / SUBJECT: / REFERENCE: / VIA:,： Colon （冒号）,6用于时与分之间(英国用法中多用句号)、比率数之间、圣经的章与节之间 The train is to leave at 8: 30. / Common nouns outnumber proper nouns in proportion 3: 2. / You will find it in Genesis 2: 4-7.,： Colon （冒号）,7分隔书名的标题与副标题 Nostromo: A Tale of the Seaboard,表示各种逻辑上的关系。如： I went to bed early: the long journey had tired me. （表因果关系） Columbus discovered a string of islands: he did not discover the American Continent. (表反意) Those who lead must be considerate: those who follow must be responsive. （表对照）,， Comma(逗号),1分隔并列成分(单词，短语，分句) We are tired, hungry and disconsolate. / Washington was said to be first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. / We were taught how to sit gracefully, how to walk, how to converse politely.,注：逗号用于并列词语之间，连词之前用不用逗号均可。 She bought butter, bread, sugar and rice. He was a weak, small, spare old man. Bill saluted, turned, and went out. He should, or rather must, attend better to his studies. 英语有时可以只用逗号而不用and表示并列关系，如He walked with long and slow strides. 中的and 即可改为逗号而意思不变。,， Comma (逗号),2分隔并列句中的分句 It snowed all night, and the schools were dosed the next day. / We must leave now, or we will miss the plane. / I tried to sleep, but my neighbours dog made that impossible. / It is an imperfect system, yet it is better than none. Please come, for I am ill and must see you.,注：两个分句较短或关系较密切时则可不用逗号（and, or, but连接时）。如： Law is one thing and right is another. I like swimming but I dont like skating.,， Comma(逗号),3分隔对比或对照成分 He is sick, not drunk. / The more haste, the less speed.,， Comma(逗号),4.分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语或附加说明的词语 He found the paper on the roof, where the newsboy had thrown it. / The thief, who had entered through the window, went straight to the safe. / They want us, you and me, to go there. / I have to get up early, particularly on Sundays.,， Comma(逗号),5. 分隔附加疑问句或选择疑问句 Tom didnt take it, did he? / Which pencil do you prefer, the red one or the blue one?,， Comma(逗号),6分隔直接引语和导语 “Only a fool,” Sherman said, “would carry on like that.” 7表示省略相同词语 Some went to the right; others, to the left.,， Comma(逗号),8分隔句首状语 Usually, he is dressed in blue jeans. / Except for physics, my courses are not difficult. / When he found that his parents had deserted him, he sat down to cry.,， Comma(逗号),9常用以分隔用作独立成分、状语等的下列词语 1) actually, basically, briefly, fortunately, frankly, honestly, hopefully, incidentally, luckily, naturally, personally, unfortunately, to tell the truth;,， Comma(逗号),Honestly, thats all the money I have. Personally, I prefer the other one. Unfortunately, they were out when I called. To tell you the truth, I was very frightened；,， Comma(逗号),2) anyhow, anyway, besides, consequently, furthermore, however, likewise, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore;,Anyhow, even if the problem does arise, it wont affect us. I dont want to go; besides, Im too tired. This is, however, another side to this problem.,， Comma(逗号),3) first(ly), second(ly), last(ly), finally, first of all, after all, above all, in other words, for example, for instance, that is, namely, i.e., e.g.;,， Comma(逗号),Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty. The cinema is only open to adults, i.e., people over 18.,， Comma(逗号),4) in short, in fact, in conclusion, in a few words, as a result, as a matter of fact, on the contrary, on the other hand; This is our most disastrous and embarrassing defeat ever; in short, a fiasco. / I dont like him, in fact, I hate him. / On the contrary, it hardly ever rains.,， Comma(逗号),5) of course, by the way, sure enough, between you and me, believe it or not; I asked my boss for a months holiday and, believe it or not, he agreed! By the way, have you seen Tom recently?,， Comma(逗号),6) I think, I believe, I suppose, you know, you see, in my opinion; Its strange, you know, that he hasnt passed the exam. In my opinion, he is right.,， Comma(逗号),7) yes, no, well, oh Yes, times have changed. Well, not much can be done about it now. Oh, David, come here a moment! Oh no, not again!,10分隔日期、数字、地点 June 12, 1991 / It was on Friday, May 16, in Los Angeles. / The price of this sedan car is $12,300. / He lives at 1515 Halsted Street, Chicago, Illinois.,， Comma(逗号),， Comma(逗号),11分隔人名与职称、头衔或倒置姓名 R.W. Leeds, M.D. / George Washington, President / Smith, John W., Jr.,， Comma(逗号),12分隔呼语 I would like to ask you, Mr. Jones, for your opinion. / Will you see if the door is closed, Janet? / Sir, Id like to ask a question.,， Comma(逗号),13用于信件的称呼语之后(美国用法中多用冒号)或结束语之后 Dear Mary, / Sincerely yours, / Yours truly,注：1.在图书索引中，姓与名之间常须用逗号。如： Shaw, George Bernard 1856-1950 萧伯纳 （1856-1950） Twain, Mark 1835-1910 马克吐温 （1835-1910） 2. 用于某些主语补语之前或之后。如： He turned a little, so that he could see her better; then he bagan to watch her, fascinated. Jubilant, he broke out the bottle of champagne.,3. 状语如与谓语动词的关系很密切，状语之前一般不用逗号。如： He left the room sadly. He went out without saying a word. 4. 状语从句如与主语的关系密切，其前或后亦一般不用逗号。如： If I were you I would say I was sorry. Nobody minds if you behave like that.,试比较： Hes at home, because Ive just spoken to him. （从句前有逗号，表示间接原因） Hes at home because hes not feeling well. (从句前无逗号，表示直接原因) 5. 用于置于句首的直接引语之后。如： “Good morning, little Hanse,” said the miller. “Well, really,” cried Hanse. “It is very kind of you to ask.” 6. 用在重复的词前面。如： What I need is money, money, and money.,7. 如果两个相似结构共有一个宾语，逗号须要用在第二个结构的前面和后面。如： He depends on, and is trusted by, his uncle. He did it in accordance with, and in defence of, the law. She is fond of, but seems poor in, her homework. He loves, or pretends to love, his wife. 但在一个短的、没有强调意味的词前后不加逗号。如： He was murdered inside or near the jungle.,用在句子开头的分词（短语）之后。如： Seeing the police, the thief began to run away. 用在句子开头的不定式（短语）之后。如： To earn more money, the boy worked harder. 用在起修饰限制作用或状语的插入语前后。如： The thief, seeing the police, began to run away. Plants, with enough water and sunshine, will grow fast.,在句子开头的副词短语后可用也可不用逗号。但在句子末尾的副词（短语）前不用。如： At eight(,) he goes to the office. Thanks to his help(,) I got a good job. I got a good job through his help. 9. 用在引话动词及其直接引语之间： 1）用在引话动词和半直接引语（不带引号，第一个字面大写）： He replied, She was wrong.,用在插在直接引语中间的he said这类词语的前面和后面： “In the morning,” he said, “I dont feel well.” 在引话动词和由that引起的间接引语之间不用逗号： He thought that he was wrong. 引话动词及由疑问词引起的间接引语之间也不用逗号： He knows what she said. It may be asked whether anyone could stand the insult.,10. 用在状语从句之后，主句之前： If you are careful, you will make fewer mistakes. 若主句在前状语从句在后，中间不用逗号。 You will make fewer mistakes if you are careful. 若主句较长，主句后可以加逗号。 You will make fewer and fewer mistakes in your composition, if you are careful enough. 如果状语从句需要强调，前面可以加逗号。 I will, if I can. He will come, only when he needs your help.,11. 用在较长的主语和它的谓语之间： That the city had been lost to the enemy, was true. Studying every evening after the office hours for the past ten years, enabled him to know French and German. 12. 在某些词后，表示停顿，以防止误解。 Outside, the streets are wet. Such boys as you, are not to be found elsewhere. He is eating, mummy., Dash(破折号),1表示话语突然中断、意思突然转折或犹豫不决 “Id like to,” he said, “but Im” / I was offendedno, enraged would be more accurate. / “Wellerahits hard to explain,” he faltered., Dash(破折号),2引出被强调的词语 In the whole world there is only one person he really admireshimself. You can be a millionaire if you know how to become one., Dash(破折号),3分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语（从句）或附加说明的词语 He was a gentlemana gentleman of the old school. / The premiers promise of changesland reform, higher wages, reorganization of industrywas not easily fulfilled. / This answerif we can call it an answeris completely meaningless., Dash(破折号),4引出概括性词语(these, such, all等) Bottles, rags, old tin cans, discarded clothing and paperthese were his stock in trade. He wrote a letter, spoke with John, listened to the report all at the same time., Dash(破折号),5表示引文出处 I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. Winston Churchill 6用于两地名或两时间之间，意为“至” LondonNew York / MayOctober / MondaySaturday / 19791989,7. 表示句子没有说完。如： I think so, but The little boy counted one, two, three, four and then stopped. 8. 有时与括号相似，但是不像括号那么正式。如： Mary comes every week on Tuesdays to help with the laundry. The subjects I liked chemistry, physics, and math are the ones at which I work hardest.,9. 表示附加或补充。如： They gave him a new camera for Christmas and a film to go with it. I did wrong I admit it. 10. 解释前文。如： He bought a house just outside the town a magnificent building. I was neither happy nor unhappy only amazed. He has only one interest music.,11. 表示口吃。如： I I I dont dont know. 12. 用于后来想起的话语之前。如： I saw her two days ago on the street with her mother. 13. 用在一个重复性同位语（加上修饰语）的前面或后面。如： It was a race a race against time. His son his only son died.,14.用在同位语或纠正语的前面或后面。如： Marys relatives in fact, all her acquaintances knew it. (in fact前用分号) Marys acquaintances especially her relatives knew it. These new streets or rather most of the alleys of this city were dirty.(外研社英语语法大全) He should, or rather must, attend better to his studies.(薄冰高级英语语法),15. 用在同位语从句前举例： They ignored his request that everyone must be punctual. Nobody can answer his question when can we be happy and free? Some friends will come tomorrow John, David, and George., Ellipsis(删节号),1. 表示词语省略 “.the book is lively.and well written.” / Bob pleaded He swore undying love. Finally Jane said yes., Ellipsis(删节号),2. 表示语句中的断续、停顿、犹豫 When he came to, he finished his sentence:. “Tell . mother. I .died .for my country.” / “Id tike to that is . if you dont mind.”he faltered and fell into silence., Ellipsis(删节号),3. 表示整行诗文的省略 Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice. I hold with those who favor fire ,! Exclamation Mark (感叹号),1.用以加强语气、命令或提起注意 Be quiet! / Fasten your seatbelts! / Oh! Fire! / Help! / Dont just stand there! Do something! / I wish youd go away, you silly little man!,! Exclamation Mark (感叹号),2. 表示感叹、赞美、嘲讽或玩笑 What a day this has been! / You are a fine one to talk about lazy people!,注：1.可用于陈述句。如： Pollys heart sank. She knew whose telegram that was! 波利的心往下一沉。她知道那是谁的电报。 Oh, Im sorry! 噢，对不起！ 2. 用于问句形式。如： My, have you grown!啊呀，你长得多高了！ But he is a gentleman, isnt he!然而他却是一位君子，不是吗！ 3.用于倒装句。如： Bang went the gun! 砰地一声枪响了！,4. 用在惊叹词后面。如： Oh dear! What are you doing there? For shame! How could you do that? 惊叹号意思较弱时可以不用感叹号，用逗号。如： Why, that is easy. / Oh, yes, I have forgotten. / It costs, oh, only a dollar. / Ah, thats what I want. / Well, Im wrong.,5. 用在以(to think) that 引起的表示情绪的句子后。如： To think that bread should be so dear! That bread should be so dear! 6. 用在“名词+关系从句”后，表示情绪： A pleasant trip we have had! The life we live! 7. 用在以What / How 开头的感叹句后。 8. 用在作书名、文章标题等的感叹句后。 9. 用在表示愿望的句子后。如： Long live the king!,10. 用在戏剧性的句子中（但这种用法品味不高） I told you! He went abroad with only ten dollars in his pocket.,- Hyphen(连字号),1用于复合词 world-famous / up-to-date / shoe-maker / editor-in-chief / freeze-dry / X-ray / bad-mouth / two-thirds / one hundred and thirty-six,- Hyphen(连字号),2. 用于词缀(或组合语素)与词根(或词)之间 anti-art / mid-Victorian / Pan-American / co-worker / self-fulfillment,- Hyphen(连字号),3. 用以避免单词在语义或语音上发生混淆或用以分隔 co-op (与coop相别) / re-cover (与recover相别) / re-tire (与retire相别) / anti-icer / semi-independent,- Hyphen(连字号),4. 用于两个比分之间或两个比赛对手之间 John Eden downed Albert Smith 2-6, 6-4, 6-2, 6-2. / the Liverpool-Arsenal match,- Hyphen(连字号),5. 用于两地名、两数字或两时间之间，意为“至” The London-Manchester express has been derailed. / Refer to pages 131-149 for a table on income.,- Hyphen(连字号),6. 用于单词移行时 但注意： 1) 单音节词不移行 strengths (不作streng- / clothes (不作clo- ths) thes) 2)屈折变化形式不宜移行 faster(不宜作 fast- / looking(不宜作look- er) ing),- Hyphen(连字号),3) 数字、缩略词不宜移行 27, 583 (不宜作 UNESCO(不宜作 27- UNES- 583) CO) 4) 易引起歧义的词不宜移行 extractor (不宜作ex-) tractor),- Hyphen(连字号),earnest (不宜作ear- nest) legend (不宜作leg- end),- Hyphen(连字号),5)移行后行尾不宜只剩一个字母 alone (不宜作a- / open (不宜作 o- lone) pen) 6)有词缀的词应在词缀与词根处移行 disappear (dis- / beloved(be- appear) loved),- Hyphen(连字号),7) 复合词应在复合成分之间移行 (原有连字号的，可在行尾用双连字号或在下一行行首加一连字号) heart-sick (heart=或heart- sick -sick),- Hyphen(连字号),7用于拼词 “Whats your name?” “John, J-o-h-n, John.”,( ) Parentheses (圆括号),1括出例证、引文出处、参见、补充说明等解释性文字 Foreign words (data, for example) slowly become naturalized and lose their foreign characteristics.,( ) Parentheses (圆括号),In my childhood (that was many years ago), I decided not to grow up. It is expected that students will complete the requirements early in the following semester (April 1 and November 1).,( ) Parentheses (圆括号) We did not stop (who would have?) to see what had happened. Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) was another New England woman who wrote during the Civil War era.,( ) Parentheses (圆括号),2括出表示列举的数字或字母 He was required to take courses in (a) mathematics, (b) English, (c) history, and (d) geology.,( ) Parentheses (圆括号),3括出可省略的词语 It seems (to me) that he is asking too much. 4括出同义异体表达方式 This is definitely not the case with the second edition of the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE 2).,( ) Parentheses (圆括号),5括出剧本中的舞台提示 INEZ: Is that so? Why, I never heard of that. (She kisses her brother.) Hello, Honey.,( ) Parentheses (圆括号),6. 括出注释中刊物的出版地、出版商及出版年代等内容 A Manual of Style, 12th ed. (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1969), P.27.,( ) Parentheses (圆括号),7括出可供选择的内容 Please indicate the lecture(s) you would like to attend., Period or Full Stop (句号),1用于陈述句、语气温和的祈使句或客气的问句(或不需要对方回答的疑问句)之后 I have never read a more interesting novel. / Lets go to the movies. /Dont cry. / He asked if she had given it her best. / Will you please return this copy as soon as possible., Period or Full Stop (句号),2用于某些缩略词之后 Prof. J. A. Smith / Ph.D. / Oct. / i.e. 3用作小数点 $4.37 / 6.25 / 97.3%, Period or Full Stop (句号),4用于论文大纲中的字母和数字之后 . _ 1. _ a. _ b. _ 2. _ C. _,? Question Mark (问号),1用于疑问句或语气婉转的祈使句后 Do you speak English? / Is there a post office near here? / How old is your brother? / Its cold outside, isnt it?,? Question Mark (问号),Which room do you prefer, the big one or the small one? / Who said “When?” / He wondered, will it work? / Open a window, would you? 2表示存疑或无把握 The manuscript dates back to 560? BC. / Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet (1340？1400),口语中，陈述句也可用问号。如： You are looking for a car, sir? 你要车吗，先生？ You are going? 你要走吗？,“” Quotation Marks(引号),1用于直接引语 Michael said, “Lets meet at my house next time.” / “No, you cant,” she wrote. “Its impossible.”,“” Quotation Marks(引号),注意下列句子中其他标点符号与引号的相对位置： 1)逗号、句号位于引号内(这是美国用法，英国用法多置于引号外),“” Quotation Marks(引号),On January 1, 1863, Lincoln declared the slaves “forever free.” / The word bread, for example, has both standard and slang meanings.,“” Quotation Marks(引号),2)不属于引语的问号、感叹号或破折号位于引号之外 Why did she say “That is a very selfish attitude”?,“” Quotation Marks(引号),3)在引语内再用引语时，可用单引号(这是美国用法，在英国用法中，单引号在外，双引号在内) The witness said, “I distinctly heard him say, Dont be late, and then heard the door closed.” / The witness said, I distinctly heard him say, “Dont be late,” and then heard the door closed.,“” Quotation Marks(引号),4)引语不止一段时，引号位于各段起始处和最后一段结尾处 “Frequently used signs and symbols are in the back of this dictionary. Many are found on typewriters.”,“” Quotation Marks(引