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UK Education,Empowerment v Control,Questions,What is education really for? What are the controversies* in British education? What is it like to study at a British school or university? In what ways is it similar or different to China?,* 辩论,Classical, Social or Utilitarian*?,Different (perhaps conflicting) aims in all education systems: Maintaining high educational standards and promoting morality and national unity Creating a more equal society by making education free and allowing freedom of expression and creativity Promoting national prosperity* and preparing people for their future careers,We dont need no education. All in all, its just another brick in the wall,Video: Pink Floyd Another Brick in the Wall,Revolt against traditional education (1960s/70s):,Educating Our Masters Viscount Sherbrooke (1867),* 繁荣,* 实利主义,State Education,Ending elitism;* bringing education to the working classes: 1870 - Education Act 1880 - Compulsory (5-10 yrs) 1891 - Free Education Act 1947 - Compulsory to 15 yrs (16 in 1972) 1960s - Comprehensive schooling (i.e. entrance exams abolished),Equality v Excellence (Is it possible to have equality and excellence?) Recent governments have tried to: make state schools more independent from local government control encourage private management of state schools bring private schools standards of excellence to state schools Results: some evidence of improvement but hard to prove.,* 精英主义,Education, Class & Politics,Less elitist than before, but.,Educational Background of Members of Parliament: Less than 10% of the total UK population go to private secondary school, but a significant proportion of politicians (especially Conservatives) have had a private education,/research/the-educational-backgrounds-of-mps/,Exams,The System (Eng., Wales & N.I.) GCSE (at 16 years old) (7-8 subjects) A level (at 18 years old) (3 subjects),Scotland: standard grades (7-8 subjects) Scotland: Highers (5 subjects) Is Englands system too specialised?,Qualifications* can be used to get jobs at either 16 or 18 years old, or apply to university Universities have no entrance exams (applications based on A level exam results).,* 资格,Grades better or easier?,Students are getting higher grades (2005): A - 23.8%, B - 23.3%, C - 17.2%, D - 9.1% The most popular subjects: English (11%), General Studies (7.6%), Biology (6.9%), Mathematics (6.7%), Psychology (6.4%). Languages and sciences have declined* compared to other subjects such as psychology and media studies. Is this the result of better teaching or easier exams?,* 衰退,Chinese in the UK comment.,Lack of respect: A teacher: “Some of the kids were very badly behaved, very naughty* one school was a disaster.every lesson was a painful experience” (in Philo 2010, p98). A lack of closeness: “Chinese teachers described how in China they would regularly attend meetings and get together with past pupils and how teachers would keep in contact and chat on MSN with students they had taught” (ibid.). Guanxi 关系: A lecturer in a Chinese provincial university: “It is very common for students to visit lecturers to give them song li a present. Lecturers often.say this student must pass and this one because they have complicated relationship with the family.” (ibid. p102).,Philo (2010), Cultural Encounters between China and Britain: Key Factors in the Formation and Transfer of Ideas and Values. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture Vol. 7 (1), pp. 96-98.,* 调皮,University: Ancient, Red Brick* & New,Ancient: Oxbridge + 4 Scottish Universities Red Brick: 19th C city universities New: Post-1960s universities Only one private university Expansion from 10% in 1980s to 40%+ attending college now Fees: none before 1998. Limited fees (with loans) introduced, 1998, in England. Higher fees (with loans) from 2012, in England.,* 红砖大学,Learning,Lectures, seminars,* & tutorials* Lectures, etc: 15 hrs/wk (average) for 30 wks/yr (approx.). Essays (no mid-term exams),* 辅导课,* 研讨会,Chinese students in the UK.,“When I study in China, I have a textbook. The teacher gives lessons according to this textbook. In classes we listen to the teacher carefully and then we take notes and recite* what the teacher taught us and we pass the exam” (in Philo 2010, p96). “.but in Britain we have to write essays, do projects and presentations” (ibid.). “In Britain, every point should be proved. The British academic attitude respects data in China they use their position as experts to speak and people will think they are right, but without having offered any proof” (ibid. p97) “Here, nobody seriously checks your attendance and total lecture time is ridiculously* short. Learning consists of what you are willing to learnEnglish young people.dont seem to care a whole lot about learning. How they partied and got drunk. There is hardly ever anyone in the library at night” (in Chen 2011, p27).,Chen (2011), Letter from England. Eaglish Vol. 17, p27. Philo (2010), Cultural Encounters between China and Britain: Key Factors in the Formation and Transfer of Ideas and Values. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture Vol. 7 (1), pp. 96-98.,* 背诵,* 可笑地,Higher Education towards diversity,1/3 of young people now enter higher education 2/3 are still from the top two social classes 1/3 enter with non A level qualifications they study at over 250 universities and colleges women are now a majority of those graduating 1/3 are over 25 when they graduate 1/7 come from ethnic minorities more study near home growing numbers will graduate with below degree qualifications www.employment-studies.co.uk (2000),Higher education is no longer just for a small minority of clever (or middle class) students: in 1996, about 13.5 % of young adults from the poorest British households made it to university by age 19. By 2009, that figure had reached 18.5% (but this is not yet the at the level of middle class students).,Mature student,Then and now,A former student (now journalist) re-visits Exeter university: There are more than 15,000 students now, compared with the 5,000 or so in the 1970s. back then, there was still a healthy sense of anti-authoritarian* idealism on campus. I felt comfortably well-off, with tuition fees paid by the local education authority and a 1,500 grant. I got a job in the summer months, but there was no need to bother for the rest of the year. A first year student says “Ive worked out that Ill be about 30,000 in debt by the time I graduate“.,most of todays students regard a bare brick wall, no central heating and shared showers as slum* conditions. They want, expect and often get rooms with en suites. Almost no one I knew at university had a clue what they wanted to do when they left. Where once academics may have digressed,* the structure is now rigorously adhered to. The lecturer follows the formula of telling you the information three times once to let the students know what he is going to tell them, once to tell them in detail and once to tell them what he has told them. A lecturer says “In the 1970s you seldom thought of giving a paper a first, and if you did then you certainly wouldnt give it more than 71%. These days we use the full range of marks available.”,http:/www.guardian.co.uk/education/2009/oct/20/university-experience-changes-students,* 反权威主义,* 贫民窟 *跑题,The Education Business,Home student fees (per year) Undergraduate (England): up to 9000 (paid after graduating, depending on income) No fees in Scotland. Postgraduate (incl. EU): 3-5000 approx. Foreign student fees (per yr) 9000+ Living costs approximately 6000+,All numbers here are approximate,Universities are under financial pressure to recruit foreign students who pay higher fees, (even if their language levels are inadequat
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