考研英语翻译(第s三讲).ppt

考研翻译和完形填空,主讲人： 党立新,外国语学院,考研翻译完形高分策略,考研翻译完形高分策略,二. 翻译“三步曲”之二：译实词，要讲究,考研翻译“主要考查考生准确理解概念或结构复杂的英语文字材料的能力”。 第一步，看虚词，分结构，重点考查的是学生的句法结构知识；而第二步则是考查考生根据上下文语境选择词义的能力。 2.1 译动词，要传神 1） A little politeness goes a long way. 译1. 一点礼貌能让你走得很远。 译2. 礼貌是好的通行真。 译3. 有礼走遍天下。,考研翻译完形高分策略,二. 翻译“三步曲”之二：译实词，要讲究,2）My father-in-law Eddie was mere snippet of a man. Barely standing five feet tall and somewhat of a recluse, he was a quiet man. He seldom left the house. He didnt attend any of his childrens weddings-I even game away my sister-in-law at her wedding 分析：难点在于如何处理give away。查字典，我们能找到的意项有“背弃，出卖”，“泄露，暴漏，散掉；赠送，分送，办法，放弃，牺牲等。 原译：在我小姨子的婚礼上，我放弃了她。 改译：甚至在我小姨子的婚礼上，也是由我把她交到新郎手上的。 整句翻译：我的岳父是个小个子男人，身高只有五英尺（约1.5米），他有点隐遁避世，沉默寡言，一直都深居简出。他从来不参加子女的婚礼甚至在我小姨子的婚礼上，也是由我把她交到新郎手上的。,考研翻译完形高分策略,二. 翻译“三步曲”之二：译实词，要讲究,3） In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”. 分析：文中两个关键的谓语，显然不能直接译成”站起来”和“倒下去”。 译文：在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说，“联合，我们就生存；分裂，我们就灭亡”。 4）This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few famers with high yields. 分析：若把combine .with high yields 译成“把较少的农民与高产量结合起来”，这显然不知所云。 译文：这种困境将是无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以美国式的高能量消耗继续下去，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。,考研翻译完形高分策略,4) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whort developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. 译文：由于沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，这使他逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定了习惯思维的结构。 Develop a close relationship with st. Develop a device Develop a disease Develop a film Develop the business Develop new facts Develop ones argument,二. 翻译“三步曲”之二：译实词，要讲究,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.2 译名词，要灵活 动词（以及连词、介词）构成一个句子的骨架，那么名词及短语则是血肉。 2.2.1 抽象名词具体化 抽象名词的表达涉及到一个英汉思维差异的问题。英语重抽象思维概念性较强，而汉语擅长形象语言，用形象具体的方法来表达抽象的事物。 1） He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit. Such as distinguished Huxley. 译文：他说自己并不像著名的赫胥黎那样，拥有极好的理解力或敏锐的洞察力。 2) The meat smelled admirably good. I balanceed some time between priciple and inclination.,二. 翻译“三步曲”之二：译实词，要讲究,考研翻译完形高分策略,The popularity of soccer around the world led to the inauguration(典礼，开幕式） of the first World Cup being played in 1930. 译文：足球运动在全世界盛行，促成了1930年第一届世界杯的举办。 4）No one has a perfect answer to the worlds problems. There are many viewpoints that can be considered. The complexity of relationships among all nations is growing. 字字对译文：复杂性的关系在各国之间日益在增加。 改译：国与国之间的关系正变得日益复杂。 全译：对语世界上的种种问题，没有人能够提出一个完美的方案来解决。只是有很多的观点可以供人们参考。国与国之间的关系正变得日益复杂。,二. 翻译“三步曲”之二：译实词，要讲究,考研翻译完形高分策略,如何处理英语的抽象表达？ 2原则： 1）根据上下文语境，准确地立即诶抽象名词所 要表达的确切含义。 2）将抽象概念用汉语具体地表达出来，甚至合理地创造，发挥。 5）The meat smelled admirably good. I balanced some time between principle and inclination. 译文：这肉闻起来极香，我不知道是遵守（减肥）的原则不吃呢？还是由着我的性子去吃好，权衡半天，（一时拿不定主意）。,二. 翻译“三步曲”之二：译实词，要讲究,考研翻译完形高分策略,6. In her habits, she was a living impersonation （扮演）of order,method and exactness. 译文：她的生活习惯极鲜明地体现了井井有条，按部就班严谨细致的做事风格。,二. 翻译“三步曲”之二：译实词，要讲究,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.2.2 一词多义-由上下文决定词义（语境） 1）Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe. 分析：peoples 指民族，而不是人们。 译文：电视是引发 和传递这些感受的手段之一-在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。,二. 翻译“三步曲”之二：译实词，要讲究,考研翻译完形高分策略,2） We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. 译文：我们之所以感激他们，是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是优势说这些语言的部落或是消亡了，或是被同化二丧失了自己本族的语言。 3）The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王。,二. 翻译“三步曲”之二：译实词，要讲究,考研翻译完形高分策略,总结： 译名词，要灵活 上下文语境对于名词的翻译非常重要 抽象名词具体化 一词多义要选准 复数名词数字化。 Eg: It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all. 分析：extremes 两个极端 译文： 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这 样对待动物：要么像人类自身一样关怀体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。,二. 翻译“三步曲”之二：译实词，要讲究,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.3 形容词，具体化 1） Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been concinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 分析：better 的处理是关键。 译文：幽州膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的 理论在科学上看来可信的推论，许多天体物理学家7、8年以来一直认为这一论说是正确 。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.3 形容词，具体化 2） For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 分析：underprivileged 是lacking opportunities or advantages enjoyed by other member of ones community ,其实就是说贫困的，或物质条件差的。 译文：例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境中成长的话，会有多大才干。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.3 形容词，具体化 3） Untill such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”. 分析：原文中有三个抽象的名词sense, point 和support,以及两个抽象的形容词，comfortable support and unnatural food. 译文：除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接收更多的“人造食品”。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.3 形容词，具体化 4) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 分析：这里的external and internal criticism表达抽象，汉译时要译成“史学界内部和外部人士的评论。 译文：这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论；后者认为历史的研究室具体方法的研究。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.4 译代词， 要还原 2.4.1 英汉表达差异-英语多代词，汉语多名词 1）He opened his eyes. They were filled with tears. 译文：他睁开双眼，眼里充满了泪水。 2） Big poweres have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 译文：大国有大国的策略，小国也有小国的路线。 3） He heted failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others. 译文：他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且也鄙视别人的失败。 4）Health si above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 译文：健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人们带来幸福。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.4 译代词， 要还原 2.4.1 英汉表达差异-英语多代词，汉语多名词 在翻译时，根据不同的上下文，可以采取三种策略： 1. 代词省去不译 2. 直接翻译代词 3.重复代词所指对象，明确译出代词所指对象，比如具体的名词 5）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will desable them when they offend. 分析： there will be there be 句型 television chat shows hosted by robots 并列主语1 and cars with pollution monitors 并列主语2 that will desable them when they offend. 定语从句,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.4 译代词， 要还原 2.4.1 英汉表达差异-英语多代词，汉语多名词 译文：届时，将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监视器控制的汽车，一旦这些汽车的排污超标，监视器就是使其停驶。 2.4.2 人称代词和物主代词的指代 6） Until these issues are resolved , a technology of behavior wil continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the ony way to slove our problems 译文（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也会随之受到排斥。 7） Historan Linda Colley argues that British identity was forged in the 18the century by the industrial revolution. The empire, and the protestant religion, has now vanished -and with it any concrete idea of what it means to be British.,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.4 译代词， 要还原 分析：（Britain has an identity crisis)英国身份认同危机的文章。 It 指代 The empire, and the protestant religion any concrete idea of what it means to be British has now vanished. 译文：历史学家琳达。考利认为，英国身份是在18世纪由工业革命铸成的。现在大英帝国及新教消失了，任何有关作为英国人到底意味着什么的具体概念也随之消失了。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.4 译代词， 要还原 8） Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 分析： Additional social stresses may also occur 主语和谓语 because of the population explosion 原因1 or problems arising from mass migration movements themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern 原因2 means of transport 译文：由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种流动变得相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会构成新的压力。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.5 不定代词的指代 9）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the signficant events of the past. 分析： While there are almost as many definitions 让步状语 of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one 主句 that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the signficant events of the past. （定语从句） 译文： 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最倾向认为，历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.5 不定代词的指代 10）He told us how he dealt with te self-interest of countries to bring them into a kind of international accord where everyone seemed to benefit. 分析：He told us 主句 how he dealt with te self-interest of countries 宾语从句 to bring them into a kind of international accord where everyone seemed to benefit. 定语从句 译文：他告诉我们他是如何处理各国之间利益关系的，即让各国搭乘一种令彼此均受益的国际协定。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.