语言学基本内容概念.ppt

,第一单元1 Design features of language：arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement. 2. Functions of language：Informative, Interpersonal（人际-）, Performative施为-, Emotive, Phatic communion寒暄语，Recreational，Metalinguistic元语言功能 3 Main branches of linguistics:Phonetics(speech sounds)语音学/Phonology音系学/Morphology: (words)形态学/Syntax: (structures of sentences)句法学/Semantics语义学/Pragmatics语用学 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Important distinction in linguistics: Descriptive (native) vs prescriptive/ Synchronic共时& diachronic studies历时/Langue vs parole/ Competence vs performance运用/,第二单元1 Phonetics divisions: Articulatory phonetics/Acoustic phonetics/Auditory phonetics 2 trachea 气管/vocal folds (cords)声带:/glottis声/epiglottis会厌/hard palate硬颚/ velum软颚/uvula小舌/alveolar ridge 齿/labium唇/larynx喉/pharynx咽 3 obstruction of the air stream in the production of- 4 IPA/stop (plosive)爆破音 nasal鼻音 fricative摩擦音 affricate破擦音 bilabial唇音 labio-dental唇齿音 alveolar齿龈音 velar 软腭音 uvular小舌音 RP 标准发音GA 通用美国英语 coarticulation协同发音 aspirated送气音 phoneme 音位 minimal pairs最小对立体 allophone音位变体 assimilation 同化 unvoiced清音 epenthesis syllable structure音节结构 open/closed syllable开音节 stress重音intonation语调 tone音调,Consonants 1)Manners of articulation: stop/fricative2) Places of articulation/ bilabial, dental, alveolar3) Voicing: voiced vs voiceless or unvoiced 4) Nasal vs oral: /m/, /n/, / vs other consonants 5) Lateral vs central: /l/ Vowels is produced without obstruction of air in the pronunciation of vowels 1) The part of the tongue that is raised: front /i:/, central /, back / / 2) The height of the tongue: high, mid, low; closed /i:/, half closed /e/, half open /, open /a/ 3) The degree of lip rounding: rounded /u:/, unrounded /i:/ 4) Monophthong vs diphthong or pure vowels vs glidings: /a/, /au/ 5) Long vs short vowels or tense vs lax vowels: /i:/, /I/,3 WORD -Open/Closed-class封闭/开放类词words whose membership is fixed (infinite) or (un)limited -Word classes分类: categories of words classified according to their grammatical, semantic, phonological properties or on the basis of formal similarities in terms of inflections and distribution: interjections! Article冠词/New word classes identified: Particles小品词(to, not, subordinate element in phrasal verb), auxiliaties助词(traditional-do, can), pro-forms代词形式, determiners限定词, -morpheme语素minimal units of meaning,包括free/bound- 自由/粘着-& affixes, roots, stems -Formation of words词的形成: the process of word variations signaling lexical relationships /compounding/derivation -Compound复合: words that consist of more than one free morpheme or the way to join two or more separate words to produce a single form/ completely united, hyphenated, separated/ noun, verb, adjective, prepositional compounds/endocentric and exocentric （离心的） compounds -Allomorph语素变体morphemes may have different shapes or phonetic forms -lexical changes：new words/ invention, compounding, derivation, blending, fusion熔合法, abbreviation缩写词, acronym缩略语, backformation逆构词法, borrowing借词, -Loanwords借词: both form and meaning are borrowed with only a light adaptation -Broadening词义扩大: to extend the meaning of a word from its original specific sense to a relatively general one/ Narrowing词义缩小: the original meaning of a word is narrowed or restricted to a specific sense,3 补充： *Identification of word: stability, uninterruptibility, a minimum free form *Lexeme词位: basic abstract units of the lexicon/ realized in different grammatical forms *Morphophonology形态音系学: relationship between phonology and morphonology 5 SENSE -Sense relations涵义关系/sense abstract properties of an entity -synonymy同义关系: sameness relation -Antonymy:反义关系 oppositeness relation/ Gradable antonymy等级反义(cover term or unmarked term), Complementary antonymy:互补反义关系, Converse antonymy反向反义关系 -Hyponymy上下义关系: meaning inclusiveness/ (superordinate上坐标词, hyponyms or co-hyponyms下义词/同下义词,4 句法 -Syntactic relations句法关系: 1positional relations, or word order 位置(sequential arrangement of words in a language)横/ 2Relation of substitutability替代关系（sets of words or expressions substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure）纵/3Relation of co-occurrence同现（words of different classes require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a particular type of sentences） -syntagmatic/paradigmatic：横组合关系/纵聚合关系 -immediate constituents直接成分: if a construction is analyzed into two constituents at a level immediately below that construction -coordination /subordination: 并列/从属关系 -syntactic function句法功能: the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. are expressed in such terms as subject, object, predicate, complement -syntactic category语法范畴: the defining properties of language units like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs/ number数, gender性, case格, tense, aspect, voice语气, mood语态, degree, concord(agreement)一致关系, government - folk etymology 俗词源学 - recursiveness：递归性there is no limit to the number of linguistic elements embedded嵌入 into one linguistic element - cohesion:连贯 a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with sentences. It refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text and defines it as a text.,第一单元1 Design features of language：arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement. 2. Functions of language：Informative信息, Interpersonal（人际-）, Performative施为-, Emotive, Phatic communion寒暄语，Recreational，Metalinguistic元语言功能 3 Main branches of linguistics:Phonetics(speech sounds)语音学/Phonology音系学/Morphology: (words)形态学/Syntax: (structures of sentences)句法学/Semantics语义学/Pragmatics语用学 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Important distinction in linguistics: Descriptive (native) vs prescriptive/ Synchronic共时& diachronic studies历时/Langue vs parole/ Competence vs performance运用/,第二单元 1 Phonetics divisions: Articulatory /Acoustic/Auditory phonetics 2 trachea 气管/vocal folds (cords)声带:/glottis声门/epiglottis会厌/hard palate硬颚/ velum软颚/uvula小舌/alveolar ridge 齿龈/labium唇/larynx喉/pharynx咽 3 obstruction of the air stream in the production of- 4 IPA国际音标/stop (plosive)爆破音 nasal鼻音 fricative摩擦音 affricate破擦音 bilabial唇音 labio-dental唇齿音 alveolar齿龈音 velar 软腭音 uvular小舌音 RP 标准发音GA 通用美国英语 coarticulation协同发音 aspirated送气音 phoneme 音位 minimal pairs最小对立体 allophone音位变体 assimilation 同化 unvoiced清音 epenthesis 增音 syllable structure音节结构 open