pragmatics9语用学与跨文化交际.ppt

Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,1. A reference book for the relationship between language and culture: 语言与文化，（Language and Culture), Claire Kramsch著，上海外语教育出版社，2000 2. Some passages from the above book: 2.1 Discourse communities, constituted, as we saw in Chapter 1, by common purposes, common interests, and beliefs, implicitly share a stock of prior texts and ideological points of view that have developed over time. These in turn encourage among their members common norms of interaction with, and interpretation of, texts that,Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,may be accepted or rejected by the members of these communities. The pressure to conform to these norms is exerted by the schools, the media, and by national and professional institutions. 2.2 It is widely believed that there is a natural connection between the language spoken by members of a social group and that groups identity. By their accent, their vocabulary, their discourse patterns, speakers identify themselves and are identified as members of this or that speech and discourse community.,Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,3. Cultural schema 3.1 schema A schema is a pre-existing knowledge structure in memory. Our ability to arrive automatically at interpretations of the unwritten and the unsaid must be based on pre-existing knowledge structures. These structures function like familiar patterns from previous experience that we use to interpret new experiences.,Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,3. Cultural schema 3.2 culture schema A culture schema is the schema formed in a certain culture. It is almost inevitable that our background knowledge, structures, our schemata for making sense of the world, will be culturally determined.,Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,4. cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural communication generally refers to the communication between speakers from different language and cultural background. Broadly, it can refer to communication between speakers from different nations, races, nationalities, and communication between different groups under the same cultural background, including different groups in ages, in professions, in social status, in education, etc. Narrowly, it refers to communication between speakers from different nations with different languages, or the one between native and non-natives.,Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,5. cross-cultural pragmatics Cross-cultural pragmatics, though not clearly defined so far, can be said to refer to the pragmatic study of all the aspects we included in the book in the previous chapters, and pragmatic study of interlanguage. The former can be divided into cross-cultural pragmalinguistics（跨文化语用语言学研究） and cross-cultural sociopragmatics（跨文化社会语用学研究）; the latter is called interlanguage pragmatics（语际语用学研究）.,Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,5. cross-cultural pragmatics 5.1 cross-cultural pragmalinguistics（跨文化语用语言学研究） It studies the different pragmatic functions of the same or similar linguistic forms in different cultures. For example, the French expression “prix incroyable”, the English expressin “incredible price” and the Chinese expression “难以置信的价格” all have the following two meanings:,Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,Meaning1: The price is too low to be believable. Meaning2: The price is too high to be believable. In French, the expression often refers to meaning1, while in English and Chinese, it often refers to meaning2.,Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,5. cross-cultural pragmatics 5.2 cross-cultural sociopragmatics（跨文化社会语用学研究） It studies factors influencing different observation of some “universal” theories, such as the CP, the PP, and the Speech Act Theory, etc. in different cultures.,Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,5. 2.1 Difference in observations of the CP For example, in India, when you ask how long it is to a certain place, the reply may be a very over-optimistic one: not too far, an hours walk. But the reality will be a days walk. Outsiders will be misled, but the local Indians know how to understand this kind of “misleading” since they know people dont want to tell others bad news to make them disappointed.,Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,5. 2.2 Difference in observations of the PP For example, when praised, the Chinese show their politeness by denying others compliment, while the English do by accepting the compliment.,Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,5. 2.3 Difference in observations of the SAT For example, the Chinese show their sincerity in invitation by inviting the others several times, while invitation will be seen as a speech act which can threaten the hearers positive face in the English speaking countries.,Chapter 9 Discourse and culture,5. cros