课件：国培听力理解障碍分析.ppt

Lecture 2,Analysis of factors affecting listening,Difficulties encountered in Listening,Quickly forget what is heard. Do not recognize words they know. Understand the words but not the intended message. Neglect the next part when thinking about meaning. Unable to form a mental representation from words heard. Do not understand subsequent parts of input because of earlier problems.,Factors of listeners,(1) Experience or practice in listening to the target language: use of the media (film, TV, radio, etc.) (2) General background knowledge of the world (3) Intellectual factors (more) (4) Physical and educational factors (more) (5) Psychological factors (more),Intellectual factors,(1) includes listeners knowledge of the target language in its various aspects: phonology, lexicon, syntax, and cohesion. (2) includes listeners powers of analysis and selection: ability to distinguish between main and supporting points (3) includes listeners knowledge of the specific topic or object (4) includes listeners memory,Physical and educational factors,includes listeners age or sex, home background, size of family, educational background, type of school, physical health and alertness,Psychological factors,includes listeners motivation and sense of purpose while listening, listeners attitude toward the message, level of interest and listeners powers of attention and concentration.,Factors of speakers,(1) Language ability of the speaker: native speaker, beginner level, nun-native speaker. (2) Speakers production: pronunciation, accent, variation, voice, etc. (3) Speed of delivery. (4) Prestige and personality of the speaker.,Factors concerning material and medium,(1) The language used to convey the message: phonological features, including stress, intonation, weak form, lexicon, syntax, cohesion, etc. (2) Difficulty of content and concepts, especially if the material is abstract. (3) Acoustic environment: noise and interference. (4) Amount of support provided by gestures, visual, etc. (Boyle 1984),Listening comprehension obstacles,Linguistic factors 1. Phonetic obstacles 2. Vocabulary obstacles 3. Grammar obstacles Non-linguistic factors 1. Problems caused by lack background knowledge 2. Problems caused by mother tongue interference 3. Problems caused by bad habits,Reasons for students poor listening ability,1. Teachers factor 2. Students factor 3 Environment factor,1. Teachers factor,In most English classes, the teacher is used to analyzing sentences, explaining grammatical rules and language points. Then the students begin to be involved in grammar exercise, sentence making and translation. It is the teacher that dominates the class and pours out his or her knowledge. While teaching, the teacher pays little attention to students response and students are given a few chances to practice what they have learned in class. After class, it is the same that most of the time and energy of students are still spent in grammar exercise and vocabulary building. Although some teachers have tried applying the communicative approach to language listening teaching, this is only a minority. That is one of the important reasons why many foreign language learners feel it difficult to communicate in English.,2. Students factor,(1) Phonetics and phonology factor (2) Vocabulary factor and Grammar factor (3) Listening habits (4) Background knowledge (5) Psychological factor,3. Environment factor,Originally, the purpose of learning a foreign language is to use it in communication. Whereas, most Chinese- English learners do not learn English for this purpose. Instead, they learn English for the purpose of passing various exams and getting a well-paid job in the future. In China, students study achievement is mainly evaluated by exams, especially the Entrance Examination for College that is the final purpose of most high school students. In addition, English is considered as one of the three most important subjects in high school. To pass various exams, emphasis of high school English teaching is mainly put on grammar, reading and writing teaching, while listening teaching has been seriously ignored for a long time.,2019/8/7,14,可编辑,Barriers from the learning aspect,phonetics is essential in the structure of language,I.影响学生听力理解的诸多因素,1语言基础知识的障碍 2. 母语干扰的障碍 3文化背景知识的障碍 4心理因素的障碍,1.语言基础知识的障碍,听力理解的过程是人们运用各种知识和技能的过程。在听的过程中，学生对语言基础知识掌握程度的高低决定了听力理解及反应速度的差异。语言基础知识的障碍又包括以下4种因素：语音障碍，语速障碍 ，英语语音差异，词汇障碍等。,（1）语音障碍,有些学生一开始就没有掌握每个单词的准确发音，长此以往，特别是对发音相近的词，不能正确辨别一些容易混淆的音素，如 sheep-ship, house-horse.,（2）语速障碍,有些英语教师讲课语速比较慢，学生形成了习惯，遇到正常的语速的听力材料就不能适应。如再遇到一些连读，弱读，重读，失爆，重音转移等语音语调的变化，更是无所适从。,（3）英语语音差异,英美英语除了在词汇上的差异外，在读音上也不尽相同，有些读音差别还相当大。而我国英语教学过去基本上采用英国英语教学体系。随着对外开放，美音教材增多并有流行的趋势，有些学生因不熟悉英美语音的差异，就产生了听力障碍。,（4）词汇障碍,学生英语词汇量的大小，掌握的熟练程度，一词多义和同音异义的现象，都有给学生听力理解造成一定的困难。,2.母语干扰的障碍,许多学生在听到一段语音信息后，常受母语干扰，习惯用中文逐句逐词翻译出来，而不能直接将语音信息转化为一定的情景，不能直接用英语进行思维，多了个中间环节，这种心译影响了反应速度和记忆效果。,3.文化背景知识的障碍,语言是文化的一种表现形式，把英语作为来学习外语的学生必须具备一定的英美历史的语言文学知识，还需了解和熟悉一些英美国家人民的生活习惯，文化背景，风土人情及生活方式，不少中学生由于缺乏这方面的知识，听力理解便产生一定困难。如一些听力材料中常会出现 Thanksgiving, AprilFool 学生对西方的感恩节、愚人节等不甚了解，就会对这些感到茫然。,4心理因素的障碍,听力理解的过程也是一个较复杂的心理活动过程。心理学家告诉我们，当人的情绪处于紧张焦虑的状态时，就会产生恐惧心理，从而使原来可以听懂的内容也大打折扣。另外，外部环境对学生也有较大的影响，环境的变化会使学生在心理上产生相应的变化。同样的听力内容，学生在教室里听教师授课和在语音室里听录音的心理准备和活动的方式是不一样的。而多数学生又不善于高速心理变化，从而造成听力理解上的因难。学生在听音时的情感因素和听