大学英语四级阅读技巧与训练.ppt

大学英语四级阅读 技巧与训练,主讲人:钟利平,寻找阅读的突破口,根据全国大学英语四、六级考试改革方案（试行），全国大学英语四、六级考试改革项目组和考试委员会设计了四级考试新题型测试卷，并于近日公布。在样卷中，仔细阅读部分（Reading in Depth）占整张试卷分值的25%。考试题型又分为两种：A) 选择题型的篇章阅读理解；B) 篇章层次的词汇理解 (Banked Cloze) 或短句问答 (Short Answer Question)。仔细研究了样题后，并根据教学经验，以下就仔细阅读部分进行一个详细地分析。,阅读的主要目的在于检测考生阅读和理解成段的书面语言的能力。实际上，这种测试并非纯粹的单项测试，而是一种综合性的语言运用能力的测试，既检测考生应具有的多方面的语言知识和技能，又考查他们对语言文字的理解、分析、推理和鉴赏等方面的思维能力。,如何获取段落的主旨大意,针对主旨大意的阅读理解题 阅读的首要目的是看懂所读材料的主旨大意，阅读测试自然也以此作为测定考生阅读能力的主要标准。在针对主旨大意的阅读理解题中，大多数针对段落（或短文）的主题（subject），主题思想（main idea），题目（title）或目的（purpose）拟题。题型颇多，用词不尽相同，但所针对的都是段落（或短文）的主旨大意。,辨认主题句（topic sentence） 辨认主题句是获取段落主旨大意的一个有效的方法。凡表述段落主旨大意的句子叫主题句。这种句子一般具有三个特点：（1）表述的意思比较概括，相对其他句子来看，这种概括性更为明显；（2）句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长难句的形式；（3）段落中其它的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表述的主题思想（main idea）。,PART ONE HOW TO GRASP THE MAIN IDEA,The comprehension questions directed towards the main idea (the question patterns) The main idea (central thought ) of the passage is What is the authors main point? Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea? The topic sentence of this passage is What the passage tells us would be summarized by the sentence The best summary of the passage is that The main purpose of the passage is,What is the authors main purpose in the passage? The primary objective of the passage is The title of this passage would be The title that best expresses the main idea of the passage? Which of the following is the best title for the passage? The (main) subject of the passage is Which of the following best the theme of the passage? What topic is treated in this passage? The passage states (illustrates, discusses, deals with, is concerned about, describes),To grasp the main idea identifying the topic sentence (Just remember this: the topic sentence should state the main idea of the paragraph, and every idea, every detail, in the paragraph should relate to the idea set forth in the topic sentence.) Skills To grasp the main idea by identifying the topic sentence To grasp the main idea by writing a mental headline or title.,PART TWO HOW TO FIND SPECIFIC DETAILS,一篇文章除了有主题思想以外，还必须有一些具体的内容用来说明、理解、证明或分析文章的主题，这些具体的内容就是文章的细节。在阅读理解测试中，大多数考题是针对这些细节而设计的，目的在于考查考生对组成文章的主体部分的理解程度。因此，在掌握文章主旨大意的基础上，还要抓住阐述和发展主题思想的主要事实或有关细节，领会文章的内在联系。文章主旨的事实或细节是主题的补充说明，也是加强主题的要素。一般情况下，说明主题的排列方式采用：因果关系、对比关系、简单列举、时间顺序或依据事件之重要性等。,为了准确地捕捉到辅助、支撑主题思想所需要的信 息，在阅读中应注意： 1、中心内容和具体内容的关系是辩证的，只有抓住文章的主要内容才能确定有关具体内容的准确位置。同样，如果对文章具体内容有较为全面的理解，就能更好地判明文章的主题。 2、文章的细节，即某个具体事实并不是孤立的，它总要与其他事实前后呼应，相同性质的事实总会在一起出现。 3、看懂文章的组织结构对迅速捕捉到所需要的信息也同样起着重要的作用。,细节性问题是关于Supporting Details类的问题，通过Skimming找出主题后，应进一步掌握阐述和发展主题的主要事实，或按要求找出特定细节。 在回答此类问题时，应采用查读法（Scanning），因为这些具体内容（Detai1s）是用来说明、论证或分析文章中心的。这类题目常以“WH-“形式来提问，如who， what， when， where， why及how等形式。这些问题的表达常不采用文章中的原话提问，而是使用同义词语等，因此，在选择答案前应首先看准题干，看清问题所问究竟；然后，在查读时注意寻找与题目相关的关键词语；最后，在充分理解原文、原题的基础上确定正确答案。,当然，这类细节性问题所涉及的面是很广的。有的涉及数字计算，如问时间、距离、次数、数量等，认真计算后方可选定正确答案；有的涉及正误判断，要先看选项，根据选项提供的线索，寻视文中相应部分，最后在题中选出肯定答案；还有的寻问事实、原因、结果、目的等。总之，做细节题切忌通过自己对某类知识的主观了解和认识做出想像判断，一定要紧扣文章内容，不可随心所欲。,细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种： Which of the following is NOT true/false according to the information in the passage? Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? The author mentions all of the following except . . . The reason for . . .is . . . The author states that . . . According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) . Which of the following is true/correct?,Example 1: Just seven years ago, the Jarvik-7 artificial heart was being cheered as the model of human creativeness. The sight of Barney Clark -alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for metal-and-plastic pump -convinced the press, the public and many doctors that the future had arrived. It hadnt. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7, and reviewing its effects on the 150 or so patients (most of whom got the device as a temporary measure) the U. S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them. Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval, effectively banning ( 禁止 ) the device .,The recall may hurt Symbion Inc., maker of the Jarvik-7, but it wont end the request for an artificial heart. One problem with the banned model is that the tubes connecting it to an external power source created a passage infection. Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed, along with a tiny power pack, in the patients chest. The first sample products arent expected for another 10 or 20 years. But some people are already worrying that they11 work- and that Americas overextended healthcare programs will lose a precious $ 2.5 billion to $ 5 billion a year providing them for a relatively few dying patients. If such expenditures( 开支)cut into funding for more basic care , the net effect could actually be a decline in the nations health.,1. According to the passage the Jarvik-7 artificial heart proved to be _. A) a technical failure B) a technical wonder C) a good life-saver D) an effective means to treat heart disease recall 召回,叫回,或召回之行为，尤指官方命令召回的 cut into v.侵犯, 打断; 减少; 从中占去时间 Key:,A,2. The new model of artificial hearts are expected _. A) to have a working life of 10 or 20 years B) to be set fully in the patients chest C) to be equipped with an external power source D) to create a new passage for infection 本题是考查正确理解事实细节的能力.题干中关键词为new model, 文章第二段中的同义词为new devices . 答题时,应先找到关键词,再在文中找到相关的句子,仔细阅读这个句子以及它前后的句子, 不难发现答案为:,B,PART THREE HOW TO ANSWER THE WORD-INTERRUPTION QUESTIONS,词汇（Vocabulary）是四级阅读理解测试中非常重要的一项。词汇类其实也是就细节进行提问，所不同的是这是唯一关于词或词组的练习项目，词汇题往往要求对文章中的某个单词、短语甚至句子等找出近义词或最合适的解释。解答这类题需要学生拥有较大的词汇量。可是，单词记忆似乎已成为学生普遍反映最头痛的难题。,阅读理解中词汇类问题的常见提问方式有下列几种： (1)According to the author ,the word “means_. (2)Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “? (3)The term “in paragraph can be best replaced by . (4)Whats the meaning of “in line of paragraph.? (5)As used in the line , the word “refers to _.,猜测词义时，可利用以下线索： 一. 针对性解释 针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或 词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。,1 根据定义猜测词义 如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。 例如： anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知，anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。 In slang the term “jam“ constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 同样，从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。,2. 根据复述猜测词义 虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以是单词、短语或是从句。,同位语 Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semantics式同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semantics指“语义学”。,在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分 号，引号，和括号等。 Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. 由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义-电容量。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say i.e. 等副词或短语出现。 定语从句 Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.,利用上下文词语意义的互相联系猜测词义 Example : The fishermen make their canoes from tree trunks .They go from island to island in these light marrow boats and collect turtles eggs 我们从上下文中可以得出以下信息：“canoes“是一种渔夫用树木做的、来回于岛屿之间的、轻狭长的、类似于小船之类的东西。尽管我们可能还不能肯定它的确切解释，但这一生词已经不会影响我们的阅读和理解了。,PART FOUR HOW TO DRAW AN INFERENCE THROUGH THE CONTEXT,The comprehension question directed towards the readers inference and the authors implication and attitude 1. We can infer from this passage (paragraph, fact, example, evidence) that 2. It may be inferred from this passage (paragraph) 3. An inference which may not be made from this passage (paragraph) 4. One could conclude from this paragraph (passage) 5. Upon reading this passage, one (we) might logically conclude that,6. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree? 7. Implied but not stated 8. The passage (author) implies, but does not directly state that 9.The passage (author) suggests that 10.The authors attitude towardis 11. The author probably feels that 12.The author seems to be (in favour of) 13.From this passage, we would say that the author,“采菊东篱下,悠然见南山” A 他是农民 B 他是诗人 C 他是歪脖 D 他是游客,阅读选项的来历 (钟八条):,只有一个正确答案 有一个最干扰项 其余两项提供信息 该选项全错 该选项对一半错一半 该选项答非所问 该选项不符合文章主线 该选项从文中推出,不加任何主观,第二部分 篇章层次的词汇理解 （Banked Cloze）,这是一种新题型，对于众多考生而言，既陌生又有一定的难度，具有较强的区分度。