浙江大学2012植物学甲课件第03次课2008第01到.ppt

There are two types of vascular, within which substances move-usually in opposite directions, xylem and phloem 木质部和韧皮部. Xylem serves as water conducting tissue (ascending transport) （木质部是输导水的组织 ） phloem serves as the pathway for photosynthate movement (descending and ascending transport). （韧皮部是运输光合产物的系统）,4. Vascular Tissues 维管组织,Both xylem and phloem form a continuous branched system in the whole plant body. 木质部和韧皮部在植物体内构成一个连续的分支 系统。,1 = apical meristem, 2 = procambium（前形成层）, 3 = protoderm（表皮原）, 4 = ground meristem, 5 = primary phloem （初生韧皮部）, 6 = primary xylem（初生木质部）,Xylem and phloem consist of vascular (conducting) elements （维管分子）, and often also contain parenchyma（薄壁组织）, sclerenchyma（厚壁组织）, and secretory tissues （分泌组织）.,Phloem 韧皮部,parenchyma（薄壁细胞）,sclerenchyma（厚壁组织）,Vessel element （导管分子）,Open & closed vascular bundles 无限与有限维管束,closed vascular bundles Open vascular bundles in Zea mays in Ranunculus sp. 玉米的有限维管束. 毛茛的无限维管束,Vascular cambium 维管形成层,Components of xylem 木质部组成成分,Vessels （导管）composed of vessel elements only appear in angiosperm. 导管由导管分子组成，仅存在于被子植物中。 Developmental process (发育过程）,Different types of vessels (不同类型的导管）,Primitive 原始 - evolutionary 进化,1) Various secondary thickenings & pittings in vessel elements 导管分子的各种次生加厚,Characters of vessel 导管的特征,Scalariform pits in Laurelia novaezealandiae as seen with SEM.,环纹 annular,网纹 reticular,2) Variation of perforation Plates on end wall 端壁的穿孔板的变异,梯纹穿孔Scalariform perforation 属复穿孔,Simple perforation 单穿孔,3)侵填体(tylosis)：突入导管内生长的囊泡状结构，含有单宁、晶体、树脂和色素等物质，能增强抗腐力，防止病菌侵害，增强木材的坚实度和耐水性。,2. Tracheids (管胞) appear in angiosperm, gymnosperm and fern. 管胞存在于裸子植物和蕨类植物, 在被子植物与 导管同时存在.,管胞是一种细长、两头尖、 孔径小的输导分子； 也进行次生加厚，但端壁 不形成穿孔。,Vessel,Structure of pit 纹孔的结构,Simple pits,Bordered pits 具缘,Different types of tracheids (不同类型的管胞）,Development of tracheids 管胞的发育,3. Parenchyma in Xylem 木薄壁细胞 4. Fibers in xylem 木纤维,Tilia americana 椴树根的次生结构,木薄壁细胞,木纤维,导管分子,Sieve tube Elements & Companion Cells 筛管与伴胞,Components of Phloem 韧皮部组成成分,具有筛孔的筛板,具有筛孔的筛域,伴胞,筛孔,筛板,Development of Sieve Elements & Companion Cells 筛管与伴胞的发育,A. 正在分裂的筛管分子母细胞；B.筛管和伴胞已形成，P蛋白体形成；C.细胞核解体、液泡膜破裂，P蛋白体分散在细胞质中，靠细胞壁排列；D.成熟的筛管分子缺乏细胞壁和液泡，有开放的筛孔。 1，胞间联丝 2伴胞；3.液泡；4.；5.P-蛋白体；6.解体细胞核；7.形成穿孔；8.分散的P-蛋白体；9.开放的筛孔,Development of seive tube 筛管的发育,Sieve pores and sieve plate 筛孔和筛板,Movement of photosynthates into sieve tube element of minor vein 光合产物从细脉进入筛管的示意图,胞间联丝,Conductive pathway of vessels and tracheids 导管与管胞输导途径示意,纹孔与纹孔对,穿孔板,穿孔板,5. Secretory structure 分泌结构,Concept:凡能产生分泌物质的有关细胞或特化的细胞组合，总称为分泌结构。 这些物质聚积在细胞内、胞间隙或腔道中，或通过一定的细胞组成的分泌结构排出体外，这种现象称为分泌现象。 许多分泌物具重要经济价值，如橡胶、生漆、芳香油、蜜汁等。,Thear are two kinds of structures. 根据分泌物质是分泌到体外还是体内，可分为外分泌结构和内分泌结构。 (1)外分泌结构(external secretory structure) 大都分布植物体表，如腺毛、腺鳞、蜜腺、排水器等。,（2）内分泌结构(internal secretory structure) 其分泌物积聚于植物体的细胞内、胞间隙、腔穴或管道内。常见的有分泌细胞、分泌腔或分泌道和乳汁管。,Secretory cells,Secretory cavity (分泌腔) and secretory canal (分泌道),柑桔,Laticifers (乳汁管),6、Vascular tissue, Vascular bundle, and tissue System. 微管组织，微管 束和组织系统,维管束,Chapter Four Structures and development of Organs of Plants 植物的器官的结构与生长发育,Leaves Stem roots,Vegetative organs 营养器官,Section 2 Morphology, structure and development of roots 第二节 根的形成、结构及生长发育 Roots are s plants link to the underground environment.,Taproot systems of Diocots have one large primary root and many smaller branch roots,Fibrous root systems of Monocots consist of a mass of similarly sized roots.,单子叶 植物的 须根系,双子叶 植物的 直根系,Root system and morphological characters 根系和根的形态特点,Root system and morphological characters 根系和根的形态特点,Embryo root,The adventitious roots may have similar structures and functions with normal roots (定根）.,adventitious roots 不定根,Zea mays at the base of a plant cutting,天竹葵扦插根 -不定根,2. Structure and development of Root 根的结构和生长发育,Structure and elongation development of root tip 根尖的结构与根的伸长生长,The subapical region of the root includes the zones of cell maturation (成熟区）, cell elongation (伸长区）, cell division （分生区）,.,Root cap 根冠,顶端分生组织,The root cap protects the growing parts of a root as the root grows through the soil 根冠保护根的生长区域在土壤里向前运动。,In most dicots, cells of rhizodermis have a common origin with the rootcap cells as shown in Figs. A, B & C). while in most monocots all cells of the root have indepen -dent origin from the rootcap, as shown in Figs. D, E & F. 在大多数双子叶植物中，根表皮细胞与根冠细胞有共同的起源，而在单子叶植物中，所有根的细胞都独立起源的。,根尖原分生组织细胞 分 层,Dermatocalyptrogen 表皮根冠原,protoderm 表皮原（表皮） Rootcap 根冠,Periblem 皮层原,ground meristem (cortex) 基本分生组织（皮层）,Plerome 中柱原,There are three different tiers of initials in Diocots. 在双子叶植物中有三层不同的原始细胞。,Procambium （central cylinder ）原形成层（中柱 ）,calyptrogen 根冠原,Rootcap 根冠,Dermatogen 表皮原,ground meristem (cortex) 基本分生组织（皮层） Epidermis 表皮,Plerome 中柱原,in Monocots 在单子叶植物中,Procambium & central cylinder 原形成层和中柱,Quiescent center 不活动中心 A diagram illustrating the location of the root quiescent center (stippled region) in which low mitotic activity occurs. 有丝分裂活性很低 E = protoderm (to form rhizodermis), 表皮原-根被皮 S = limits of the future vascular cylinder 将来微管束界限,cell elongation 伸长区细胞伸长，液泡化 并逐渐分化成熟。,cell maturation （Root hair zone） 成熟区细胞成熟，根毛 出现，各种组织形成,Root hair zone 根毛区,根毛寿命短，与土壤紧密接触，便于吸收水份、养分,皮层 表皮 中拄 内皮层,外皮层 皮层,（Ranunculus sp., 一种毛茛),2）The primary structure of root 根的初生结构: Dicots （双子叶植物） A cross section through a mature zone of root tip.,A complete transverse section of Ranunculus sp. root at a level showing the completion of primary growth. Note the lack of pith, accumulation of starch in cortical cells, and the absence of starch in the rhizodermis and exodermis.,毛茛根的初生结构 注意无髓，在皮层细胞有淀粉积累，但 在表皮和外皮层缺乏淀粉。,Root epidermis and characters 根的表皮及其特征,垂直,Root cortex and characters 根的皮层及其特征,The Casparian strip (凯氏带）and Casparian dots （凯氏点） in the endodermis （内皮层）,起到横向运输的主动控制作用。,凯氏带,Casparian dots（凯氏点）,内皮层 细胞质,Cotton root shows Casparian strip （凯氏带）,Two endodermis cells show the cell wall with phellem. 内皮层细胞壁栓质加厚， 不透水、气。,Casparian strip (凯氏带） of the endo