2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案.doc

更多资料仅在秀文网()专业的学习资料文档分享交易平台2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.大1家thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmerspieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly大2家toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat大3家bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan大4家innotbeingtooterrificallybright.Intelligence,it大5家out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow大6家thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearningagradual大7家insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingstheyveapparentlylearnediswhento大8家.Isthereanadaptivevalueto大9家intelligence?Thatsthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance大10家atallthespeciesweveleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal大11家ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis大12家themindofeveryanimalIveevermet.Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould大13家onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,大14家,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat大15家animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto大16家thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally大1家7,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.大18家,theywouldhopetostudya大19家question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?大20家theresultsareinconclusive.1.ASupposeBConsiderCObserveDImagine2.AtendedBfearedChappenedDthreatened3.AthinnerBstablerClighterDdimmer4.AtendencyBadvantageCinclinationDpriority更多资料仅在秀文网()专业的学习资料文档分享交易平台5.AinsistsonBsumsupCturnsoutDputsforward6.AoffBbehindCoverDalong7.AincredibleBspontaneousCinevitableDgradual8.AfightBdoubtCstopDthink9.AinvisibleBlimitedCindefiniteDdifferent10.AupwardBforwardCafterwardDbackward11.AfeaturesBinfluencesCresultsDcosts12.AoutsideBonCbyDacross13.AdeliverBcarryCperformDapply14.AbychanceBincontrastCasusualDforinstance15.AifBunlessCasDlest16.AmoderateBovercomeCdetermineDreach17.AatBforCafterDwith18.AAboveallBAfterallCHoweverDOtherwise19.AfundamentalBcomprehensiveCequivalentDhostile20.AByaccidentBIntimeCSofarDBetterstillSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.更多资料仅在秀文网()专业的学习资料文档分享交易平台MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventhewordhabitcarriesanegativeconnotation.Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Butdontbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits；oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,theyretheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,saysDawnaMarkova,authorofTheOpenMindandanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.Butwearetaughtinsteadtodecide,justasourpresidentcallshimselftheDecider.Sheadds,however,thattodecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwereunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystemthatanyonecandoanything,explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006bookThisYearIWill.andMs.Markovasbusinesspartner.Thatsaliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyouregoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing_.A.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable更多资料仅在秀文网()专业的学习资料文档分享交易平台22.Theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe_A.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided23.ruts(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningto_A.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections24.Ms.Markovascommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting_?A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformedB,nolongeremphasizescommonnessC,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodelD,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem25.RyanmostprobablyagreethatA.ideasarebornofarelaxingmindB.innovativenesscouldbetaughtC.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideasD.curiosityactivatescreativemindsText2Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdomoratleastconfirmthathesthekidsdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstoreandanother$120togettheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.Amongthemostpopular:paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamilysgeographicroots.Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical,Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeople更多资料仅在秀文网()专业的学习资料文档分享交易平台claimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafatherslineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdontrelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTKs_.AeasyavailabilityBflexibilityinpricingCsuccessfulpromotionDpopularitywithhouseholds27.PTKisusedto_.AlocateonesbirthplaceBpromotegeneticresearchCidentifyparent-childkinshipDchoosechildrenforadoption28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto_.AtracedistantancestorsBrebuildreliablebloodlinesCfullyusegeneticinformationDachievetheclaimedaccuracy29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis_.更多资料仅在秀文网()专业的学习资料文档分享交易平台AdisorganizeddatacollectionBoverlappingdatabasebuildingCexcessivesamplecomparisonDlackofpatentevaluation30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe_.AForsandAgainstsofDNAtestingBDNAtestingandItsproblemsCDNAtestingoutsidethelabDliesbehindDNAtestingText3Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties；however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak.TheU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHondaNissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts-aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.Morerecently,whileexamininghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustryswork.Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdontforceit.Afterall,thatshoweducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswere更多资料仅在秀文网()专业的学习资料文档分享交易平台huntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidnthavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.Aseducationimproved,humanitysproductivitypotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesntconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworldsworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforestedfuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisntdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.31.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportantofeducationinpoorcountries_.AissubjectgroundlessdoubtsBhasfallenvictimofbiasCisconventionaldowngradedDhasbeenoverestimated32.Itisstatedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducationsystem_.AchallengeseconomistsandpoliticiansBtakeseffortsofgenerationsCdemandspriorityfromthegovernmentDrequiressufficientlaborforce33.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.Sworkforcesisthat_.AtheJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplinedBtheJapaneseworkforceismoreproductiveCtheU.SworkforcehasabettereducationDtheU.Sworkforceismoreorganize34.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged_.Awhenpeoplehadenoughtime更多资料仅在秀文网()专业的学习资料文档分享交易平台BpriortobetterwaysoffindingfoodCwhenpeopleonlongerwenthungDasaresultofpressureongovernment35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation_.AresultsdirectlyfromcompetitiveenvironmentsBdoesnotdependoneconomicperformanceCfollowsimprovedproductivityDcannotaffordpoliticalchangesText4Themostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawasSomuchimportantattachedtointellectualpursuitsAccordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEnglandsleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericanintellectuallife.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritanstheologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeepingwithourexaminationofsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewworldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,TherewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,Theinthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilled更多资