专业硕士研究生英语Unit13.ppt

,ENGLISH FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS,Friendship,Unit Thirteen,Relationships: Friends and Acquaintances,Background Information,Text Analysis,Translating Activities,Grammar Activities,Written to enhance communication between individuals learning to speak English and English-speaking natives, this handbook uses the subject areas of U.S. culture and cross- cultural communication as a vehicle for learning English. Intended to help readers understand and adapt to American culture and to cultural differences affecting their communication with American English speakers.,Background Information,About the book,Deena Levine has been a consultant in cross-cultural communication for over ten years, having built her career on her earlier work in the TEFL/TESL field. She conducts workshops, seminars, and courses in cross-cultural awareness and skills for teachers, social service providers, and business people. Ms. Levine has also co-authored a second ESL/EFL text: The Culture Puzzle: Cross-Cultural Communication for English as a Second Language(1987). She is currently working on a book dealing with the challenges of managing multicultural law enforcement.,About the authors,Background Information,Mara Adelman is an assistant professor in the Department of Communication Studies at Northwestern University in Chicago. Her primary research interests are in the use of social support systems in coping with stress and adapting to change. She is co-author of the book Communicating Social Support (1987). Her review on social support and adaptation was published in the International Journal for Intercultural Relations (1988). Ms. Adelman was awarded an Interculturalist Award by the Society for Intercultural Education, Training, and Research for her contribution to this field.,Background Information,Text Analysis,Word Analysis,Sentence Analysis,Phrase Analysis,Text Translation,Keys to Exercises,Text Analysis,Word Analysis,Word Analysis,E.g. 1） Parents give their children much love and affection.父母对孩子的爱. 习惯用语 fix ones affections upon sb.钟情于某人 gain sb.s affection affections 得到某人的爱情 win sb.s affection affections 得到某人的爱情 have an affection for深爱着,affection a feeling of liking for a person or place友爱, 爱情, 影响, 疾病, 倾向,E.g. 1）Ive taken on too many commitments. 我承担的义务太多了。 2) He doesnt want to get married because he is afraid of any commitments. “他不想结婚,因为他害怕承担任何责任。“,2. commitment something that you must do or deal with that takes your time承诺；责任；,Word Analysis,E.g. 1) The police are pursuing an escaped prisoner. 警方正在追捕一个在逃的犯人。 2) She pursued the study of English for five years. 她持续不断地学了五年英语。 3)The ship continued to pursue a northern course. 船继续向北航行。,3. pursue to follow someone or something, usually to try to catch or kill them追随；跟随；,Word Analysis,E.g. reveal a mystery secret 揭露一个秘密 reveal ones identity 揭示身分,4. reveal to make known or show something that is surprising or that was previously secret展现, 显示, 揭示, 暴露,Word Analysis,E.g. 1) That bird is very rare in this country. 那种鸟在这个国家很稀有。 2) Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. 贾斯珀.怀特是那些少有的相信古代神话的人之一。 a rare bird 珍禽 rare metals稀有金属,5. rare not seen or found very often, or not happening very often稀有, 杰出的, 珍贵的, (肉类)半熟的,Word Analysis,E.g. 1) When talking about the older people or older generation, we often say they are very conservative in their consciousness. 一提到老人或老一代，我们常说他们的意识保守 2）The researchers made a conservative guess at the population of Tokyo. 研究人员对东京的人口作了一项保守的估计。 rightist conservative ideas右倾保守思想 Conservative party(英国的)保守党,6. conservative tending not to like or trust change, especially sudden change保守的, 守旧的,Word Analysis,E.g. 1) The mobile medical team will soon be here. 巡回医疗队不久就要到这儿来。 2) People these days are much more geographically mobile. 如今的人们流动性很快,7. mobile able to move freely or be easily moved可移动的, 易变的, 机动的,Word Analysis,Text Analysis,Phrase Analysis,E.g. 1）He struck me with a stick. 他用棍子打我。 2) An idea suddenly struck me. 我心中忽然产生一个念头。 3) The workers are on strike. 工人们在罢工。 4) They struck up after meeting at a party. 晚会后他们开始结交,1. Strike up交谈起来，结交起来,Phrase Analysis,E.g. 1) The young scientists encountered many difficulties during their exploration. 年轻的科学家们在探险期间遇到了许多困难。 2）my first encounter with Mary 3）One rainy night, the policeman encountered with a gang of smugglers 在一个雨夜,那个警察正好碰上一伙走私犯。,2. encounter with 偶遇,Phrase Analysis,E.g. 1) He is down at the end of the garden. 他在花园的尽头的那边。 2）The battle ended in a victory. 战争以胜利而结束。 3）Wasteful people usually end up in debt. 挥霍浪费者最后往往负债。 4）He ended up head of the firm.他最后成了商行的主管人。,3. end up 以结束，结果为,Phrase Analysis,E.g. 1) The car broke down halfway to the camp. 车子在去营地的半路上抛锚了。 2) The crowd started to break up when the night fell. 天快黑时人群开始散开了。 3) The company top meeting didnt break up until midnight. 公司高层会议到半夜才结束。 4) He may break up under all this pressure. 在这么大的压力下他可能会崩溃。,4. break up (突然)结束,Phrase Analysis,E.g. 1) Mary was attached to her brother. 玛丽很喜爱她的弟弟。 2) I am very attached to that old picture. 我很喜欢那幅旧画。 3) He attached his horse to a tree. 他将马栓在树上。 4) The hospital is attached to that university. 这医院附属于那所大学。 5) He attached labels to all his bags. 他在所有的袋子上都系上标签。,5.attach to依恋；喜欢;系，连结,Phrase Analysis,Text Analysis,Sentence Analysis,Since 介词，自以来； 自以后 E.g. 1) I have been there many times since the war. 自那次战争以来，我曾去该地多次。 2) “Since then, he has developed another bad habit.“ “自那以后,它养成了另一种环习惯。“ 3) “Since then, they have been trying to find out how the fire began.“ “自那时以来,他们一直在设法查明起火的原因。“,1. A friend might be an acquaintance or an intimate companion that one has known since childhood.,Sentence Analysis,朋友可以是熟人或从小认识的亲密伙伴。,1. A friend might be an acquaintance or an intimate companion that one has known since childhood.,Sentence Analysis,译 文,Without 介词，没有, 不, (表条件)如果没有, 要没有 1）The news report was completely without foundation. 这一新闻报道是毫无根据的。 2）She used to complain without good cause. 她过去常常无故抱怨。 3）This freighter can sail around the world without doing. 这般货轮可不停靠码头作环球持续航行。 4）He went away without taking leave. 他不辞而别。,2. We hear such daily uses of the word “friend“ without knowing the quality of the friendship mentioned.,Sentence Analysis,我们每天都听到诸如此类的“朋友”，却不知道友谊的性质是什么。,2. We hear such daily uses of the word “friend“ without knowing the quality of the friendship mentioned.,Sentence Analysis,译 文,What 关系代词，那样的事物（或人） 1）Most people know what a great scientist Edison became. 大多数人都知道爱迪生后来成了一个多么伟大的科学家。 2）We all know what the poor man should have said. 我们都知道那位可怜的人儿本来应该怎样说。 3）I began to recall what I had heard of cannibals. 我开始回想起我曾听说过的吃人生番的事。,3. The following is an account of what an American woman learned about the American man she was standing behind in a line in a post office.,下面是一位美国妇女讲述他在邮局排队等候时与一名美国男子的谈话。,4. The following is an account of what an American woman learned about the American man she was standing behind in a line in a post office.,Text Analysis,Text Translation,友谊：朋友与熟人 迪纳列文, 玛蕾阿得门 1美国人的“朋友”意指什么？词典定义朋友为：“由感情或尊重联系起来的人”。然而，美国人使用“朋友”一词的空间比词典定义广。朋友可以是熟人或从小认识的亲密伙伴。因为“朋友”一词含盖了很多关系，因此，在美国英语中很难找到准确定义。“昨天，我的朋友和我一起带孩子到公园。” “我朋友给我介绍了一个很好的餐厅。” “昨天，我向我的朋友倾诉了两个小时。”我们每天都听到诸如此类的“朋友”，却不知道友谊的质量。 2一般而言，美国人和许多人有随意的友好关系，但是，较深教亲密的友谊为数不多。真正的友谊需要时间和责任的投入，这点，很多美国人做不到。因此，他们认为拥有友好但投入时间不多的友谊较为方便。不落入陈规，美国人确实有亲密朋友，除此之外，他们的友谊可以被定性为肤浅。由于他们缺乏时间，对家庭，工作，甚至一些义务项目等承担的责任太多，他们用来追求很多亲密朋友的时间较少。,Text Translation,友好与友谊 3世界上很多人都认为美国人友好。与一些不同文化群体相比，美国人常常对人微笑，容易与他人交谈。即使与陌生人也如此（在大城市，这种情形不常见）。比如，人们在排队等候（诸如在邮局、杂货店）常常能相互聊天。他们可以把“自己很私人的事与再也不会见面的陌生人讲。” 许多在美的外国人对此很不可思议。在他们看来，怎么能随便相信陌生人并把个人信息透露给他？诚然，在世界大多数国度，不能轻易相信陌生人。 4下面是关于一位美国妇女在邮局排队等候时，与一名美国男子的谈话的故事。在大约8分钟的时间里，这为男士透露了以下个人信息：1. 他已婚，他妻子快要生产；2. 他对销售工作不满意，正在考虑是否要作中年职业生涯改变（在美国很普遍）；3. 他和他妻子正在思忖一个问题：是辛苦地工作好，还是少辛苦点，让自己身心多放松些。,5上述这样对陌生人透露自己的生活的例子，对世界各地许多人甚至对一些美国人来说，都有些极端。这种开放被认为是不正常或令人怀疑。有人会对这男人有成见，可能说：“哎，他只是名销售员，你能期望他怎样？”很多美国人认为这种开放有点过，但是这种人不属例外。 多样化的人际关系 6在美国，男女交往自由，发展成多样化的人际关系。来自其它文化背景的人们异性间的交往往往受到限制（或甚至受到禁止）。因此，美国的多样化的人际关系会让人费解。单身和已婚异性可以成为亲密朋友，互相分享各自的喜与忧，但是不介入浪漫之事。大学生可以与异性为了“现实原因”同住一室。换句话说，他们可以成为类似“室友”“房友”的朋友（没有恋爱关系）。相比之下，很多男女在结婚前决定住在一起，目的是看看彼此是否能适应。其中有一些以美满婚姻终结；另一些在正式结婚前或结婚后分手。在美国的很多地方,（尽管不是所有地方）人们交往的形式几乎不受限制。这并不意味着你可以随处可见非传统的人际关系。但是，在大城市和一些被定义为“非保守”地区，可以看到许多种人际交往的关系。 7在美国，一对夫妇与一对夫妇的婚姻关系各不相同，但是有一些共同点。有些夫妇把彼此看作最好的朋友和伴侣。这种观念在婚姻包办，媒妁之言的国家是很奇异的。生活在美国的一部分外国人认为夫妻不可能成为最好的朋友。同样也有部分美国人这样认为，大概不是因为文化的原因。 8很多人在离异后或居寡后又再婚。再婚在美国属司空见惯，事实上，一些鳏居或离异的人在孩子们的鼓励下会参加社交活动，甚至再婚。 确实，很多老年人认为他们有权利追求幸福，年龄不应该是其障碍。因此，更多处于中年期的人正在结识新朋友，找寻伴侣。,流动性与友谊 9美国人居无定所，因而很多人会很容易而快速地交上新朋友。大约每年每个美国家庭中有一成员在流动。因为工作的变化，到外地上学，结婚，生子，或仅仅想改变生活，人们迁徙，重新安顿生活。所以，友谊很快形成和结束。本科大学生和研究生到两三所大学就读，他们的朋友圈也随之改变。同样地，那些工作改变的人会保留一两个原工作地的朋友，也会改变他们的朋友圈。 10基于某种共同活动建立的人际关系会随着活动的结束而变淡或结束。母亲们由于送孩子上幼儿园相遇而成为朋友，友情随着孩子上不同的小学而结束。同样地，邻居的搬迁友情随之结束。这类的友情只是建立于日常共同经历，因而不深厚。一般而言，很多美国人拥有持久的友谊。但是到了某些特定时期，他们为有短暂的友情感到欣慰。在那些信守好朋友应该是终身的人们看来（部分原因是他们不会搬迁），这种短暂朋友关系是难以理解的。然而，美国人经常流动，学会很快交朋友成了一种生存技能。,Text Analysis,Keys to Exercises,II. I may feel easy and comfortable with one or two friends. Or I may feel happy with a group of friends because we can play card games or other games.,Keys to Exercises,Part I Warm-up,Reading comprehension I C B D B C II (1) acquaintance (2) casual (3) relationships (4) Strangers (5) variety (6) couples (7) divorced (8) mobility (9) settle (10) attending Vocabulary I D A D C A C C B D A,II 1. superficial 2. pursuing 3. Excessive 4. divorced 5. mobility 6. encountered 7. broke up 8. end up 9. intimate 10. rare Translation 1. Friends would like