学术英语(医学)Unit1.ppt

学术英语 医学,Academic English for Medicine,Unit 1,Doctors Life Doctors are thought as noble, respectable, and caring, but it is really common to read or hear about the complaints of doctors being impatient and careless. What are the causes for such complaints? How can ordinary incidents influence the way doctors practice medicine? This unit explores doctors life from different perspectives so that you can understand them better.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Unit Contents,Lead-in,Text A,Text B,Text C,Listening,Speaking,Writing,Get reading for Unit 2,Lead-in,Questions to be answered Brainstorm Additional activity,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Lead-in,Questions to be answered,What are the causes for complaints of doctors being impatient and careless? What kind of life does a doctor lead? How can ordinary incidents influence the way doctors practice medicine?,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Lead-in,Brainstorm,Brainstorm a list of words and expressions related to a doctors life and practice.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Lead-in,Additional activity,What do they mean for a doctor? a decent career a noble calling respectable knowledgeable under great pressure underpaid mistrusted dangerous,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text A,Critical reading and thinking Questions for discussion Topics for presentation Useful expressions Difficult sentences Language building-up Signpost language Formal English Vocabulary test Suggested answers,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Questions for discussion,How do you interpret the title? neuron overload juggling physician,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics for presentation,1 Do you agree that it is sheer neuron overload on the doctor side that leads to the complaint that doctors dont listen?,neuron overload patients high expectations mistrust and misunderstanding between the patients and physician,Unit 1 Doctors Life,2 Describe Mrs. Osorios condition.,Text A,Topics for presentation,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text A,Useful expressions,a 56-year-old woman somewhat overweight reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension cholesterol on the high side without any medications for this not as much exercise as she should thinning of her bones on last DEXA scan stressful but good about keeping her appointments and getting her blood tests generally healthy,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,in my practice / in a medical practice overweight diabetes hypertension cholesterol on the high side DEXA scan thinning of her bones / lower density stressful life keep her appointments blood tests generally healthy an average patient not excessively complicated,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Topics for presentation,3 What are the good and bad things about Mrs. Osorios conditions that run through the authors mind?,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,Good Things Blood tests done Glucose a little better Her blood pressure good but not great Bad Things Her weight a little up Her bones a little thin on the DEXA,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,20-min consultation glucose starting a statin liver enzymes normal five fruits and vegetables diet choices 30 min of walking each day exercise morning sugars compare to her evening sugars the nutritionist / her eye doctor / the podiatrist blood pressure add another BP med more pills,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,start a bisphosphonate prevent osteoporosis experiencing just the usual stress of life lurking depression or anxiety disorder the depression questionnaire health maintenance her last mammogram PAP smear colonoscopy a tetanus booster qualify for a pneumonia vaccine,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Topics for presentation,4 Describe the situation when Mrs. Ororio might send the authors delicately balanced three-ring circus tumbling down.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,The author was in moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorios conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down. Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions. Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “ innocentand completely justifiedrequest”: the form signed by her doctor. The doctor tried to or at least pretend to pay attention to the patients while completing documentation. Complaints that doctors dont listen might have other reasons than just doctors neuron overload.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,the diet-and-exercise discussion not making eye contact with Mrs. Osorio (communication skills) get her lab results check her mammogram report document the progress of her illnesses order the tests refill her prescriptions,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,her insurance company / insurance form / lose my coverage do her physical examination her back pain anything more than routine muscle strain place into accurate and thorough documentation interact with my patient,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,5 Compare multitasking in human beings and computers.,Text A,Topics for presentation,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,Multitasking originated in computer science. Microprocessors in fact linear, actually performing only one task at a time. Multitasking just as an illusion both in computer and humans. At best, Human juggling only a handful of thoughts in this manner. The more thoughts we juggle, the less we are able to attune fully to any given thought. Multitasking as a recipe for disaster,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,an insurance company form order her mammogram refill only five of her six medicines fully explain the side-effects of one of her medications,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,6 Use numbers to justify that it is the juggling mind that keeps doctors awake at night.,Text A,Topics for presentation,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,7 medical issues to consider 5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue 7 X 5 = 35 thoughts 10 patients that afternoon 35 X 10 = 350 5 residents under the authors supervision 4 patients seen by each residents 10 thoughts, at least, generated by each patients 5 X 4 X 10 = 200 350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves ten thoughts that might get lost in the process.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,medical issues to consider supervise five residents in a working day a disastrous outcome a possible lawsuit Most doctors are reasonably competent, caring individuals, but the overwhelming swirl of thoughts that we must keep track of leaves many of us in a perpetual panic that something serious might slip. This is what keeps us awake at night.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,7 What are possible solutions to the impossible high-wire act of juggling competing details and panicking about slipping a critical one?,Text A,Topics for presentation,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,computer-generated reminders case managers ancillary services the simplest: time,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Useful expressions,an hour for each patient a spectacular doctor Situation in China? the choices that practicing physicians face every day, with every patient rely on our clinical judgment to prioritise transplant field a dedicated and competent clinical partner such as a one-on-one nurse medical budgets,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Difficult Sentences,1 that one stray request from a patienteven one that is quite relevantmight send the delicately balanced three-ring circus tumbling down. (Para.1) 如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然崩塌一样。,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,2 . Im piling yet another pill onto her . (Para. 3) 我还要再给她另加一种药,Text A,Difficult Sentences,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text A,Difficult Sentences,shes caught one of my neurons in mid-fire (Para. 4) 她让我如火如荼的思绪戛然而止 My instinct is to put one hand up and keep all interruptions at bay. (Para. 4) 我的本能反应是举手，阻止她打断我的思路。,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Difficult Sentences,We merely zip back and forth between them, generally losing accuracy in the process. (Para. 7) 我们人类只是在两个想法之间来回快速转换，通常 情况下，在转换的过程中丢失了精准。 The more thoughts we juggle, the less we are able to attune fully to any given thought. (Para. 8) The higher up, the heavier the fall. The more, the better.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Difficult Sentences,My choices seem to boil down to entertaining fewer thoughts, accepting decreased accuracy for each thought, giving up on thorough documentation, or having a constant headache from neuronal overload. (Para. 10) boil down to:归结为 It boils down to a question of ethics. 它可归结成一个伦理学问题。,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A,Difficult Sentences,In some cases, having a dedicated and competent clinical partner such as a one-on-one nurse can come close to simulating a second brain, but most medical budgets dont allow for such staffing indulgence. (Para.12) 有些情况下，有个专注、出色的临床搭档，如一对一的护士，就仿佛有了第二个大脑，不过大多数医疗预算不会如此大方，这样配备人员。,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Critical reading and thinking,Text A Language Building-up,Signpost Language,An innocentand completely justifiedrequest, but (Para.5) What is the function of the parentheses / dashes in the sentence? Parenthetical statements: inserting additional information without creating a separate sentence and are often demonstrated by parentheses and dash.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text A Language Building-up,Formal English,Degree of formality should be determined by the audience the expectations of the audience the writers purposes For example, the writer of Text A employs informal language when recording her juggling thoughts, and a noticeable shift from that of the rest of the article where formal style is consistently maintained. A juggling mind is vividly presented by informal and even ungrammatical use of language, such as “Maybe leave this until next time?”,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text A Language Building-up,Formal English,Formal English,It is used in official, literary, academic writing, or formal social events. It is more commonly used in writing than speech. Sentences are often long and complex. Contractions are avoided.,Informal English,It is used in everyday personal conversations or letters to friends. It is more commonly used in everyday speech than in writing. Sentences are often short and simple. Contractions are common.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text A Language Building-up,Formal English,Formal English,The passive voice is often used, making it sound impersonal. Much vocabulary derived from French and Latin is used. Colloquial terms, slangs and many phrasal verbs are avoided.,Informal English,The active voice is often used. Vocabulary derived from French and Latin is not used. Colloquial terms, slangs and many phrasal verbs are common.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text A Language Building-up,Formal English,Formal English,The researchers identified the important properties. Doctors have established a new method. This appeared to rectify the problem,Informal English,The researchers found out what the important things were. Doctors have come up with a new method. This seemed to fix the problem,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text A Language Building-up,Formal English,Formal English,His words demonstrate that Details of the report are to be found on Page 26. The experiment was carried out / performed.,Informal English,His words show that You can find out all about the report on page 26. They did an experiment.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text A Language Building-up,Formal English key to Task 3,1 Good thing she did her blood tests. Glucose is a little better. Cholesterol isnt great. May need to think about starting a statin. Are her liver enzymes normal? (Para. 3) Good signs include that she did her blood tests, and that her glucose level is a little better. However, her cholesterol level isnt great, and I may need to consider prescribing a statin for her. Furthermore, I wondered if her liver enzymes are normal.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Task 3 Rewrite the following sentences from Text A with a more formal style.,Text A Language Building-up,Formal English key to Task 3,2 Has she been to the eye doctor? The podiatrist? (Para. 3),Unit 1 Doctors Life,Has she been to the eye doctor and the podiatrist?,Text A Language Building-up,Formal English key to Task 3,3 But now Im piling yet another pill onto her, and one that requires detailed instructions. Maybe leave this until next time? (Para. 3),Unit 1 Doctors Life,But now Im piling yet another pill onto her, and the pill requires detailed instructions. “Maybe, should I leave this until next time?” I thought.,Text A Language Building-up,Formal English key to Task 3,4 Health maintenance: when was her last mammogram? PAP smear? (Para. 3),Unit 1 Doctors Life,To my mind came her health maintenance. I asked myself, “When did she receive her last mammogram and PAP smear?”,Text A,Vocabulary test,_ overload（神经过载） a typical office _（典型的诊所就诊） DEXA _（DEXA扫描） medical _（行医）,visit,scan,practice,neuron / neuronal,_ report（乳房X-线检查报告） _ examination（体检） _ of a medication（药物的副作用）,mammogram,side-effects,physical,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Language Building-up,Text A,Vocabulary test,_control（血压控制） health _（健康保持） perpetual _（永久的恐慌） _ physicians（执业医生） _ field（移植领域） medical _（医疗预算） paracetamol _（扑热息痛药片） _ cap（防孩子打开的盖子）,panic,blood pressure,maintenance,practicing,transplant,budget,tablet,childproof,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Language Building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Task 1. 2 Match each of the following English term and Chinese equivalent.,pneumothorax nutrient hypertension colonoscopy mammectomy refill neuralgia podiatrist nutritionist osteoporosis neuron transmit transplant pneumonia mammogram,a. 移植 b. 高血压 c. 乳房X线照片 d. 结肠镜检查（术） e. 神经元，神经细胞 f. 肺炎 g. 营养物 h. 神经痛 i. 营养学家 j. 再配（处方） k. 气胸 l. 传染 m. 骨质疏松 n. 足病医生 o. 乳房切除术,k,g,b,d,o,j,h,n,i,m,e,i,a,f,c,Text A,Suggested answers language building-up,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Task 1. 2 Match each of the following definitions with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.,colonoscopy,结肠镜检查（术）,hypertension,高血压,mammogram,乳房X线照片,neuron,神经元，神经细胞,nutritionist,营养学家,osteoporosis,骨质疏松,Text A,Suggested answers language building-up,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Task 1. 2 Match each of the following definitions with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.,transplant,移植,pneumonia,肺炎,podiatrist,足病医生,refill,再配（处方）,Text A,Suggested answers language building-up,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Task 2 Signpost language,Find some examples of parenthetical statement from Text A.,From her perspective, this is probably the most important item in our visit, but the fact is that shes caught one of my neurons in mid-fire (the one thats thinking about her blood sugar, which is segueing into the neuron thats preparing the diet-and-exercise discussion, which is intersecting with the one thats debating about initiating a statin). (Para. 4) What if I drop onewhat if one of my thoughts evaporates while I address another concern? (Para. 4),Text A,Suggested answers language building-up,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Task 2 Signpost language,Find some examples of parenthetical statement from Text A.,An innocentand completely justifiedrequest, but I feel that this could be the straw that breaks the camels back, that the precarious balance of all that Im keeping in the air will be simply unhinged. (Para. 5) There are many proposed solutionscomputer-generated reminders, case managers, ancillary services. (Para. 10),Text B,Pre-reading question Critical reading and thinking Researching Language building-up,Unit 1 Doctors Life,How nontrivial can trivial incidents be in ones life?,Text B,Pre-reading question,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,Reflection,What other lessons can you learn from the text?,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,Reflection,Dr. Sacketts challenge to the traditional wisdom in treating his hepatitis patient Never be a blind believer of authority or conventional wisdom. Scientific progress requires unconventional way of thinking. Challenging authority is a Must for real scientists Be tolerant and open-minded about novelties. Be sensitive to trivialities. Think differently.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,Reflection,Dr. Sacketts eventful “clinical course” and iconoclasm Attitude can be life-changing. Stick to the justifiable beliefs and act out. Be yourself or be unique may bring about surprises. Develop your own personality is part of professional life. Science owes much to those non-conventionalists and iconoclasts.,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,1 Design of Thomas Chalmers trial,Unit 1 Doctors Life,Clear description of the eligibility criteria of participants, and their random allocation Comparisons of two regimens per trial Precise definition of experimental and control regimens Close monitoring and reinforcement of compliance with regimens Inclusion of all patients at the end of the trials Clear and transparent analyses The “external validity” of the trial results tested by comparison with another, independent control group of patients Ass