《专八翻译讲解》PPT课件.ppt

TEM8: Translation 1) Grade Score Description,教学大纲和考试大纲对学生翻译能力的要求,教学大纲 八级要求：能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英语，速度为每小时250300个英文单词。英文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。能担任一般外事活动的口译。,考试大纲 IV翻译 (Part V：Translation) 测试要求：汉译英项目要求应试者运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介绍，以及一般文学作品的节录。速度为每小时250300汉字。译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺。英译汉项目要求应试者运用英译汉的理论和技巧，翻译英、美报刊杂志上有关政治、经济、历史、文化等方面的论述文以及文学原著的节录。速度为每小时约250300词。译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。本题分为两项：Section A及Section B。考试时间共计60分钟。Section A：150词左右的段落被底线划出，要求根据上下文将此段落译成英语。Section B：150词左右的段落被底线划出，要求根据上下文将此段落译成汉语。,翻译试题的特点,1、文体： 汉译英：记叙、介绍、散文、论说 英译汉：散文、论说、评论、演讲 2、语域： 人文历史，无科技翻译 3、内容：无专门学术领域知识,注意： 1. 各年的翻译选段都是较正式的语体，未见不正式的讽刺性杂文，也未见不正式的小说对话。即使涉及文学，也是作家的作品或思想介绍。 2. 为了帮助考生更好地理解待翻译的篇段，一般都提供较多的上下文。但考生务必只翻译划线部分。 3. 从历届翻译考题看，以人生哲理、道德教育方面的内容为多，需着重关注。 4. 重点推荐书目： 张培基 英译中国现代散文选 乔萍 等散文佳作108篇,Chinese-English Translation,10-9 Excellent translation The translation faithfully reflects all the original passage with only 1 or 2 minor errors in vocabulary, syntax, punctuation or spelling. The translation is elegant (appropriate choice of words, a variety in sentence patterns). 8-7 Good translation with few inaccuracies The translation reflects almost all the original passage with relatively few significant errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is readable (generally clear, smooth and cohesive).,Chinese-English Translation,6-5 Passable translation with some inaccuracies The translation adequately reflects most of the original passage with occasional errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is, for the most part, readable. 4-3 Inadequate translation with frequent inaccuracies half, with frequent errors; in some parts, unreadable 2-1 Poor translation less than half Almost all sentences contain errors of For the most part, unreadable 重在表达,English-Chinese Translation,9-10 Excellent translation The translation faithfully reflects all the original passage with only 1 or 2 minor lexical errors. It adequately reflects the style and tone of the original passage. The translation is elegant (appropriate choice of words, a variety in sentence patterns). 8-7 Good translation with few inaccuracies The translation reflects almost all the original passage with relatively few significant errors in comprehending individual words, phrases, sentences or ideas. The translation is readable (generally clear, smooth and cohesive).,English-Chinese Translation,6-5 Passable translation with some inaccuracies The translation adequately reflects most of the original passage with occasional errors in comprehending individual words, phrases, sentences or ideas. The translation is, for the most part, readable. 4-3 Inadequate translation with frequent inaccuracies half, with frequent errors; in some parts, unreadable 2-1 Poor translation less than half Almost all sentences contain errors of For the most part, unreadable 重在理解,例：2003年英译汉,第一句话为一个评分单元，一个词汇小错误扣0.5分，大错扣1分，最多扣2分； 第二句话和第三句话为第二个评分单元，小错扣0.5分，大错扣1分，最多扣2分； 从第四句话到he replies为第三个评分单元，小错扣0.5分，大错扣1分，最多扣1分； 第一自然段的最后一句话为第四个评分单元，小错扣0.5分，大错扣1分，最多扣2分； 最后一自然段为第五个评分单元，小错扣0.5分，大错扣1分，最多扣3分。,应试策略,（一）时间分配 水平？速度？ （二）书写工整 卷面，字迹，字体 （三）难点应对 绝对难点相对难点 （四）直译意译 英译汉：直译为主 汉译英：意译为先,TEM8: Translation 2) Common Problems Identified in the Examinees Work,A Case Study of CE Translation (2003),得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。,词汇问题,忽视词的语境含义 拘禁：be taken into custody (be confined in) 忽视词的轻重色彩 宠爱：indulge, pamper (dote on) 忽视词的语体风格 隔离：be in quarantine (be isolated) 忽视词的修辞含义 兜上心头：come up to my heart (be overwhelmed by),句法问题,译文句式单一，并列句一统译文。 受汉语结构影响，断句不果断，亦步亦趋 。 受汉语结构影响，译文句子主从不明，逻辑松散。 一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。 At one dusk in spring, flowers were blooming wildly in the garden, my parents were holding a banquet, in which guests were gathering, laughters could be heard everywhere. 修改为：On a spring evening, my parents gave a banquet in the garden where a profusion of flowers were in full bloom. In no time, a crowd of their guests gathered, cheering and laughing.,得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。 Before I fell ill, I had been the bully under our roofs owing to my doting parents. Feeling like being deposed into a cold palace, I began to taste the bitterness of depression immediately after I was isolated and confined in a cabin on the hillside of our garden.,我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。 I secretly lifted the curtain, only to catch a glimpse of the hustling and bustling scene in the garden. I saw my elder sisters, brothers and cousins shuttling among the guests, full of joy.,译文语篇逻辑混乱，衔接连贯不自然。 一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。 考生译文：It was so quick that I felt being deserted by people and by the whole world, bursting into tears. 参考译文：All of a sudden, I was overwhelmed by the feeling of being forgotten and abandoned. With grief and indignation, I could not help crying my heart out.,语篇问题,参考译文二：,Before I fell ill, I had been a spoiled child of my parents, getting things my way in the family. Once isolated and confined to a small house on the slope of the garden, I suddenly found myself in disfavor and my wings clipped. One spring evening, with myriads of flowers in full bloom in the garden, my parents held a garden party in honor of many guests, whose arrival at once filled the place with laughing chats. In the small house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain, only to be met by a great and prosperous world with my elder brothers and sisters and my cousins among the guests, all in jubilation. All at once, seized by a fit of forlorn rage, I could not help bursting into tears.,A Case Study of EC Translation (2003),In his classic novel, “The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, with his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a bustling metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. “Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?” she asks. Hes astonished she cant see them. “Where! Why everywhere,” he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished. Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for the American is always becoming, never being.”,词汇问题,形近词误译 classic/classical/class novel: 经典/古典/阶级小说 bewildered/wild:困惑的/疯狂的 trait/strait/traitor: 特征/海峡/叛徒 多义词误译 cousin: 堂表兄妹（表妹） hero: 英雄（男主人公） beauty: 美女（美好的事物）,词汇问题,忽视词的褒贬色彩 future-mindedness: 空想/未来狂想/展望症（超前意识） 忽视词的搭配 James Fenimore Cooper has his hero 设置了一个英雄（叙述了主人公） 对专有名词的固定译法缺乏积累 Cooper: 裤博，琥珀，科普，刻薄，古巴，扣波尔（库柏） “The Pioneers”：先锋,前沿者，志愿者，青年一代（拓荒者）,句法问题,句子成分分析不清，造成理解有误 In his classic novel, “The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, with his cousin on a tour of the city he is building 考生误译： 库柏是一个土地开发商 库柏是主人公 库柏在他的小说先锋中带着他的堂妹,一个土地开发商,他心目中的英雄,到他在建造的城市游览。,句法问题,没有把握文章主旨，造成中心句理解困难，表达时生硬，不会运用翻译技巧 Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. 考生误译： 从当前看到未来发展的能力,这个自由是不受过去妨碍的,情感化地与未来联系起来 能从过去及能感知的将来中去感受不被约束的自由 对过去感到的一种自由和更多地涉及到将要发生的事情的感悟,参考译文,在其经典小说开拓者中，詹姆士菲尼摩尔库珀让主人公，一个土地开发商，带他的表妹参观正在由他承建的一座城市。他描述了宽阔的街道，林立的房屋，热闹的都市。他的表妹环顾四周，大惑不解。她所看见的只是一片树林。 “你想让我看的那些美景和改造了的地方在哪儿啊?”她问道。 他见表妹看不到那些东西，感到很惊讶。“哪儿?到处都是啊!”他答道。虽然那些东西还未建成在大地上，但他已在心中将它们建好了。对他来说，它们都是实实在在的，宛如已建成竣工一样。 库珀这里阐明的是一种典型的美国人特性：着眼于未来，即能够从未来的角度看待现在；可以自由地不为过去所羁绊，而在情感上更多地依附于未来的事物。正如阿尔伯特爱因斯坦曾经说过的那样：“对美国人来说，生活总是在发展变化中，从来不会静止不变。”,TEM8: Translation 3) Strategies to Tackle the Common Problems,把握语篇逻辑发展，根据上下文逻辑理清句际关系，并结合段落主旨，理解难句。汉译英时特别要注意语篇衔接和连贯。 译文在文体风格上尽量和源文保持一致，专八翻译文体多为较为正式的文学文体。 译文句子要符合目的语规范，不要受源文句式结构的影响。英语句子做到句式多样化，主从明确，逻辑紧凑。汉语句子一般不要过长，碰到复杂的长句，按照一定的逻辑，断句重组。 选词贴切，褒贬恰当，搭配合理，积累专有名词的固定译文。,TEM8: Translation 4) Translation Techniques Derived from a Contrastive Study of Syntactic Features Between English and Chinese,synthetic vs. analytic amplification,China was, and remains, and will be our friendly neighbor. 中国是我们的友好邻邦，过去如此，现在依然如此，将来还会如此。 But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory. 但是对很多人来说，现在穷人在没有政府救济的情况下，仍能像以前那样基本维持生计，这一事实本身就是个巨大的胜利。,compact vs. diffusive cutting+splitting,A notion has taken hold in the US to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them. 在美国有这样一个根深蒂固的观念：只有那些有能力抚养子女的人才受鼓励生育。 Every British motorist will tell you that radar is used most unfairly by the police to catch drivers who are accidentally going a little faster than the speed limit. 大凡英国的司机都会告诉你警察用雷达来抓那些只是偶尔超速的司机，这种做法有失公平。,compact vs. diffusive reconstructing,The poor are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means of fighting their way out of poverty. 对于过去的几代人而言，旧式的体力劳动是他们用来摆脱贫困的手段，而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以生存的体力劳动，(因此)最先体会到技术进步之害的是穷人。,hypotactic vs. paratactic cutting+blending,He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 他有个怪习惯，一会儿一个想法，并且自相矛盾。 He showed her some sympathetic love, which resulted in her deep-rooted but unreasonable love. 他只是怜爱她，她却对他一片痴情。,impersonal vs. personal conversion,An idea suddenly struck me.