WRITINGPRESENTATIONOFACADEMICPROPOSAL(学术论文的写作建议).ppt

WRITING & PRESENTATION OF ACADEMIC PROPOSAL,1,TITLE PAGE,A title should summarize the main idea of the study or convey specific information as to the major thrust of the study. It should identify the actual variables or theoretical issues under investigation and the relationship between independent and dependent variables of the study. E.g. The Interactive Effects of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness on Job Performance E.g. Emotional Competence, Personality and Job Attitudes as Predictors of Job Performance A title should be fully explanatory when standing alone. It principal function is to inform readers about the study. When choosing a title research objective, question and hypothesis.,2,Avoid words that serve no useful purpose they increase length and can mislead. The words method and results do not normally appear in a title. E.g. Is There A Relationship Between Personality Type And Preferred Conflict-handling Styles? An Exploratory Study Of Registered Nurses In Southern Mississippi Redundancies such as “A Study of” or “An Experimental Investigation of ” should not used to begin a title. Avoid using abbreviations in a title spelling out all terms will help ensure accurate, complete indexing of the article. E.g. Life Satisfaction And Well Being: Coping Strategy As A Moderator In The Relationship Between Stress And Well Being Among The Students In UMS The recommended length for a title is 10 to 12 words.,3,ABSTRACT,An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article. It allows readers to survey the contents of an article quickly. A good abstract is: Accurate The abstract correctly reflects the purpose and content of the manuscript. Do not include information that does not appear in the body of the thesis. If the study extends or replicates previous research, note this in the abstract, and cite the author (surname and year).,4,Self-contained Define all abbreviations and acronyms. Define unique terms. Include names of authors (surname and year). Concise and specific Make each sentence maximally informative, especially the lead sentence. Be as brief as possible. Abstract should not exceed 120 words. Begin abstract with the most important information the purpose of thesis or the results and conclusions.,5,Non evaluative Report rather than evaluate do not add to or comment on what is in the body of the manuscript. Coherent and readable Write in clear and vigorous prose.,6,An abstract of a report of an empirical study should describe:,The abstract parallels the structure and organization of the thesis. The problem under investigation or the purpose of study, (one or two sentence); The participants or subject, specifying pertinent characteristics, such as number, type, age and sex; The method, including the apparatus, complete test names; The findings, and The conclusions and the implications (one sentence).,7,8,AUTONOMY AS A MODERATOR OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE ABSTRACT In this study we investigated the moderating role of autonomy on the relationships between the Big Five personality dimensions and supervisor ratings of job performance. The sample consisted of 146 managers, who completed NEO-PI Personality Inventory, and 6-item questionnaire to measure autonomy. Superior ratings for these managers were also obtained. Results indicated that two dimensions of personality, Conscientiousness (r= .25) and Extraversion (r = . 14), were significantly related to job performance. Consistent with our expectations, the validity of Conscientiousness and Extraversion was greater for managers in jobs high in autonomy compared with those in jobs low in autonomy. The validity of Agreeableness was also higher in high-autonomy jobs compared with low-autonomy ones, but the correlation was negative. These findings suggest that degree of autonomy in the job moderates the validity of at least some personality predictors. Implications for future research are noted.,INTRODUCTION,Introduce the problem Presents the specific problem under study. Before writing the introduction, consider: Why is this problem important? What is the relation of the study to previous work? How do the objective and hypothesis relate to the problem? What are the theoretical implications of the study? The introduction section typically begins with a short summary of the research to be discussed. This describes why the research is important and focuses on what specifically you intend to examine. autonomy as a moderator of the relationships between the big 5 personality and job performance.pdf,9,Develop the background Discuss the literature, but do not include an exhaustive historical review. The review should contain enough information to provide a framework for your research and a rationale for why you are studying what you are studying. A scholarly review of earlier work provides an appropriate history and recognizes the priority of the work of others. part of authors scientific and scholarly responsibility Essential for the growth of a cumulative science. Cite and reference only works pertinent to the specific issue and not the works of general significance. In summarizing earlier works, avoid nonessential detail. Emphasize pertinent findings, relevant methodological issues and major conclusions.,10,Demonstrate the logical continuity between previous and present work. State the purpose and rationale After introduced the problem and developed the background material, explain your approach to solve the problem state the purpose of study. Clearly develop the rationale for each hypothesis or the objective of study.,11,METHOD,The most straightforward section of the report. Describes in detail how the study was conducted tell the reader what you did and how you did it in sufficient detail. Such a description enable the reader to evaluate the appropriateness of your method and the reliability and the validity of your results. Identify subsections design of the study, the participants or subjects, the apparatus (or materials), the procedure and data analysis.,12,Research Design Report the type of design used in the study. Specify the independent and dependent variables. Participants or Respondents Report how many participants were in the study and how they were recruited (e.g. random sampling, cluster sampling, Quota sampling).,13,Report major demographic characteristics sex, age, and race/ethnicity and where possible and appropriate, characteristic socioeconomic status, disability status etc. When a particular demographic characteristic is an is important for the interpretation of results, describe the group specifically. Example, national origin, level of education, health status and language preference. The second group included 40 women between the ages of 20 and 30 years, all of whom had emigrated from Indonesia, had at least 12 years of education, had been permanent residents of Sabah for at least 5 years and lived in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.,14,Apparatus Describes the apparatus or materials used and their function in the study. Procedure Summarizes each step in the execution of the research. Include the instructions to the participants, the formation of the groups, and the specific experimental manipulations. Specify the sequence of steps of the study what you had the participants do and how you collected their data.,15,E.g. we manipulated the order of presentation of a two item questionnaire. Participants were randomly assigned to either one of two orders of presentation. Thirty participants answered the happiness item first followed by the dating item and 30 participants answered the dating item first followed by the happiness item. When an instrument is translated into another language, the specific method of translation should be described. e.g, back translation, in which a text is translated into another language and then back into the first to ensure that it is equivalent enough that results can be compared. Data Analysis Describe the statistical or data analytic treatment used.,16,RESULTS,Report the data in sufficient detail to justify the conclusions. Mention all relevant results, including those that run counter to the hypothesis. Discussing the implication of the results is not appropriate here. To report the data, choose the medium that presents them most clearly and economically tables and figures. Tables and figures enhances your ability to communicates your findings. When you use tables or figures, be certain to mention all of them in the text.,17,RESULTS ( Cont.),Tables and figures supplement the text; they cannot do the entire job of comm