英语语法Lecture-2ppt课件

,Lecture 2,1,Subject-verb Concord,2.1 Guiding Principles: grammatical concord, notional concord and proximity 1) Grammatical concord (语法一致) For example, John looks healthy and strong. Many people want to go. Iron is meltable.,2,The principle of grammatical concord refers to the rule that the verb must match its subject in number. If the subject is plural, the verb should take the plural form; if the subject is singular or is a non-accountable noun, the verb should take singular form.,3,2) Notional concord (意义一致) The principle of notional concord refers to the rule that the verb can sometimes agree with the subject according to the notion of the number rather than to the actual presence of the grammatical marker for that notion. My family are having supper now. ( the form of the subject is singular, but its meaning is plural, thus the verb is plural) Thirty dollars is too expensive for this dictionary. (the form of the subject is plural but its meaning is singular, so the verb is singular),4,3) Proximity (就近原则) This principle denotes agreement of the verb with a closely preceding noun phrase in preference to agreement with the head of the noun phrase that function as subject.eg: Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football. No one except his own supporters agree with him. Neither Julia nor I am going.,5,6,2.2 Problems of concord with nouns ending in s. 1) Disease and game names ending in s. Names of diseases ending in -s are mostly treated as singular, but there are a few such names as (measles and rickets) which can be used either as singular or as plural. arthritis, bronchitis, rickets, mumps, diabetes phlebitis,7,eg: Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. Arthritis is a disease causing pain and swelling in the joints of the body. But some can be considered as being either singular or plural. Measles is/are sometimes caused by a tapeworm.,8,Game names ending in s are generally used as singular with the exception of cards which is usually treated as plural.eg: Darts(投镖游戏) /Marbles(打弹子游戏) /Draughts (跳棋) is an easy game. Billiards is his favorite game. Cards (纸牌) are not allowed here. 当darts, marbles 等用于做这些游戏所用的镖或弹子等意义时，其复数仍作复数用。,9,2) Subject names(学科名称) ending in ics Names of subjects in ics are generally singular nouns: physics, mathematics, mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics, statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics, tactics. eg: Acoustics is the science of sound. Tactics is an important study for the soldier.,10,But some such nouns are as plural when used in other senses than subject names.eg: Athletics (体育运动) have been greatly promoted at this college. The tactics （策略）employed in this campaign were above reproach. （无可指责） The acoustics in the new concert hall are faultless. （音响效果）,11,3) Geographical names ending in s Geographical names such as the names of archipelagos, mountain ranges, straits and falls are generally used as plural. eg: the Alps the Philippine Islands the Appalachians the Himalayas the West Indies Niagara Falls the Rockies the Andes the Solomon Islands,12,The Alps are the greatest mountain range in Europe. The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world. The Great Lakes lie between the U.S.A. and Canada.,13,The names of countries, institutions, books and magazines are generally used as singular. the Netherlands the United States the United Nations The New York Times The Canterbury Tales The Arabian Nights Great Expectations,14,The United Nations is an international organization. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy. The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.,15,4) Other nouns ending in s Names of things made of two parts: scissors, pincers, glasses, spectacles, shorts, trousers, suspenders are used as plural, eg: His trousers are black and white. Where are my spectacles?,16,But when they are preceded by such unit nouns as a pair of and two pairs of, the verb is determined by number marker of the unit noun. A pair of glasses is on the desk. Two pairs of scissors were lost.,17,Nouns usually taking plural endings such as archives, arms, clothes, contents, eaves（屋檐）, fireworks, goods, minutes(记录), remains(遗体), stairs, suburbs, thanks, wages are generally used as plural. But whereabouts (行踪)and dramatics（舞台效果） may be treated as either as plural or as singular.,18,Nouns ending in ings such as clippings(剪下来的东西), diggings(掘出来的东西), earnings(收入), filings(锉屑), lodgings(租住的房间) surroundings(环境), sweepings(扫拢的垃圾) etc are generally used as plural. But tidings (消息) is an exception for it can be uses in both ways. Good tidings have cheered them up. The tidings has come a little late.,19,There are nouns such as barracks(营房), headquarters(总部), means(手段), series(系列), species(种类), works(工厂)whose singular and plural number share the same form. These nouns are treated as plural when used in plural sense, or vice versa.,20,A headquarters was set up to direct the operation. Their headquarters are in Paris. A new species of mammal has been found. There are 450 species of flatfish altogether.,21,Odds and remains are exceptions because they mean different in singular and plural forms. Whats the odds? (要紧的事) The odds are against us.(机率，胜算) His remains lie in the churchyard.(遗体) Here is the remains of a temple.(遗迹),22,2.3 Problems of concord with collective nouns as subject,Collective nouns(集体名词) are singular in form but plural in meaning. The choice between grammatical and notional concord is mostly dictated by usage.,23,1） Collective nouns usually used as plural These include cattle, folk(人们), militia(民兵), people, police, youth, poultry, vermin, etc: The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass. The poultry are being fed.,24,Collective nouns usually used as singular These include foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise, luggage, etc: There is a lot of furniture in the living-room All the luggage is to be examined at the airport.,25,3) Collective nouns used as plural or as singular,26,There are collective nouns that can be used either as plural or as singular. When the noun is used in the sense of a collective as a whole, the verb takes the singular form; if the noun is used in the sense of the individuals that make the collective, the verb takes the plural form.,27,These include army, association, audience, band, board(董事会), cast, choir, chorus, clan(部落), class, club, college, commission, committee, company, corporation, council, couple, crew, crowd, department, enemy, faculty, family, federation, firm, gang, generation, government, group, institute, jury, majority, mankind, military, minority, nation, navy, orchestra, personnel, population, public, staff, team, tribe, union, university, etc:,28,Nowadays almost every family in the village owns a television. My family arent enjoying music Class four is on the second floor. Class four are unable to agree upon a monitor. The audience was enormous. The audience were enjoying the film.,29,The population in China is very large, and eighty percent of the population in China are farmers.,30,4) A committee of, etc+ plural noun,When a plural noun is preceded by a committee of/ a board of/ a panel of, the verb usually takes the singular form, eg:,31,A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. The board of directors is responsible for the management of the company.,32,5) When a plural noun is preceded by a (great) number of, the verb usually takes the plural form. A number of other plants were found in America.,33,But a great deal of and a large amount of are used to modify uncountable nouns, so the verb usually takes the singular form. A large amount of damage was done in a very short time.,34,(a large) quantities of + plural noun/uncountable noun+ verb in plural form Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes.,35,Large amounts of +uncountable noun+ verb in plural form Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.,36,6) The + adjective,the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the agreeable, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed.,37,The verb usually takes the plural form. The rich are for the plan, but the poor are against it.,38,The + p.p. indicating something or someone individual, the ve