简易构词法解析.ppt

1,构 词 法 简 析,2,Affixation(词缀法),Prefixation Suffixation,3,1.表示否定意义的前缀,a-, an-, asymmetry（不对称）anhydrous（无水的） dis- dishonest, dislike, disloyal in-, ig-, il, im, ir, incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregular ne-, n-, none, neither, never non-, nonesense neg-, neglect un- unable, unemployment,4,2) 表示贬义,male-, mal-, malfunction, maladjustment(失调) maltreat mis-, mistake, mislead, mistrust pseudo-, pseudonym(假名), pseudoscience,5,3) 表示反动作的意思,de-, decompose,defend, demodulation(解调) dis-, disarm, disconnect, disallow un-, unload, uncover , unwrap, unhorse,6,4) 表示方向或态度,anti-, antiknock( 防震), antiforeign,(排外的)， antiterrorism contra-, contre-, contro-, contradiction, controflow(逆流) counter-, counterreaction, counterbalance ob-, oc-, op-, object, oppose, occupy with-, withdraw, withstand,7,5）表程度或大小,Extra-, hyper- Extra-strong, extra thin noodle, hyperactive, hypercritical Macro-, micro-,Mini- Macrocosm, microphone, microcomputer, Mini-election, minicar out-, over-,sub-, super-, sur-, ultra-, under- outlive, overweight, subheading, superfreeze, surtax, ultra-conservative, underdeveloped,8,2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀,1) a- 表示“在之上”，“向” aboard, aside, 2) by- 表示“附近，邻近，边侧” bypath, bypass(弯路) 3) circum-, circu-, 表示“周围，环绕，回转” ，circumstance, circuit,9,2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀,4) de-, 表示“在下，向下” descend, degrade 5) en-, 表示“在内，进入” encage, enbed(上床) 6) ex-, ec-, es-, 表示“外部，外” exit, eclipse, expand, export,10,2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀,7) extra-, 表示“额外” extraction （提取） 8) fore- 表示“在前面” forehead, foreground 9) in-, il-, im-, ir-, 表示“向内，在内，背于” inland, invade, inside, import,11,2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀,10) inter-, intel-, 表示“在间，相互” international, interaction, internet 11) intro-, 表示“向内，在内，内侧” introduce, introduce 12) medi-, med-, mid-, 表示“中，中间” Mediterranean, midposition,12,2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀,13) out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外” outline, outside, outward 14) over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向上” overlook, overhead, overboard 15) post-, 表示“向后，在后边，次” postscript(附言)，,13,2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀,16) pre-, 表示“在前”在前面” prefix, preface, preposition 17) pro-, 表示“在前，向前” progress, proceed, 18) sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, 表示“在下面，下” subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement,14,2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀,19) super-, sur-, 表示“在之上” superficial, surface, superstructure 20) trans-, 表示“移上，转上，在那一边” translate, transform, transoceanic、 21) under-, 表示“在下面，下的” underline, underground, underwater 22) up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上” upward, uphold, uphill(上坡),15,suffixation,1.名词化后缀 1）接在名词后: (具体化)-eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let （抽象化）-age, -dom, -ery, -ry, -hood, -ing, -ism, -ship,16,Suffixation 1.,2）接在动词后： （指某类人）: -ant, -ee, -ent, -er, -or, （指行为, 物件名词，结果，过程或状态 ）: -age, -al, -ance, -ation(-ition, -tion, -sion, -ion), -ence, -ing, -ment 3）接在形容词后：,17,Conversion (词性转换法),1. 名词转化为动词 house (房屋) to house guests (供给客人住处) mail (邮件) to mail a letter (寄信) fish (鱼) to fish in the sea (在海上捕鱼) water (水) to water horses (饮马),18,2. 动词转化为名词 to walk (步行) to go for a walk (去散步) to drive (驾驶) to go for a drive (驾车一游) to use (利用) to make use of(利用) to chat (聊天) to have a chat ( 聊天) 3. 形容词转化为动词 dry (干燥的) to dry clothes (晾晒衣服) warm (暖的) to warm oneself by the fire (烤火取暖) humble (谦恭的) to humble ones pride (挫某人的傲气) empty (空的) to empty ones glass (干杯),19,1.Clipping 1) Definition Clipping is to shorten a long word by cutting a part off the original and use what has remained as a word. 2) Types of Clipping (1) Back clipping: “ad“ from advertisement (2) Front clipping: “phone“ from telephone (3)Front and back clipping: “flu“ from influenza (4) Some syllable clipping: “pacifist” from pacificist (5)Phrase clipping: “pub“ from public house “cant” from cannot “daily” from daily newspaper,20,The Characteristics of a Clipping Word,It has the same meaning of the original word. dormdormitory; lablaboratory Note: A few one has its new meaning. eg. Miss(用在少女或单身女子)Mistress(主妇, 女主人) It exists with the original word. e.g. pop musicpopular music It sometimes changes its spelling. e.g. bike bicycle, mike microphone,21,Definition Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word用两个或两个以上自由词素各自的一部分构成新词,2.Blending,2)Categories of Blending botel: boat + hotel 汽艇游客旅馆 lunarnaut: lunar + astronaut 登月宇航员 Eurasian: Europe + Asian 欧亚混血儿 sitcom: situation + comedy 情景喜剧英语词汇网 smog :smoke + frog (烟雾) chortle :chuckle + snort (哈哈大笑),22,4. Initialism 1) Definition : Initialism originally referred to abbreviations formed from initials, without reference to Pronunciation. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter: e.g. PRCPeoples Republic of China BBC British Broadcasting Corporation VOA Voice of America. But during the middle portion of the twentieth century, when they saw more use than ever before, the word acronym was coined for Abbreviations. 2)Exercises,23,5. Acronym 1) Definition Acronym is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of phrases. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters, but pronounced as a normal word. which are pronounced as a word, like : NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织 AIDs 艾滋病，获得性免疫缺损综合症 acquired immune deficiency syndrome .,24,II. Back-Formation Back-formation is the opposite process of suffixation. It is the process of making a new word by dropping the supposed suffix: e.g. “burgle“ from burglar. It refers to an abnormal（非正常） type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting（去掉） an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language. New Words from Proper Names 1) Names of people 2)Names of places 3)Names of books 4) Names of Trade Mark exercise,25,III. Onomatopoeia,Onomatopoeia is the imitation of natural sounds in word form. These words help us form mental pictures about the things, people, or places that are described. Sometimes the word names a thing or action by copying the sound. For example: Bong(锣, 大钟)发出的响声! Buzz.蜂鸣器! Hiss嘘音! 1. Many ono