应用真菌之药用菌.doc

is one of the practical form of values. The so-called values refers to the objective things are of no value and the value of fundamental perspective. Different values, peoples behaviour, attitudes, ways are different. People-oriented focus on human value and reality, we need the broadest masses as values. Adhere to people-oriented values, is to make the economy more development, improve democracy, cultural prosperity, and live a happier; is deeply concerned that human development and human values, development of social and human development of rational unified, insisted in the material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization in the overall advancement of Socialist civilization to a higher level. Also want to see that persons value is not only meet your needs, also is to meet the needs of others and the community. Adhere to people-oriented, to strongly advocate every community member, serve others, beneficial to the community of people. The so-called Outlook, attitude is on the record, including who, how to create a record of achievements, how to evaluate performance, and so on. What values, what kind of Outlook. Adhere to people-oriented Outlook, is on the premise of respecting the interests and power of people, creating a popular, warm hearts, steady heart performance, creating serve for one officer, the benefit of achievements, and overall construction of well-off society and promoting the all-round development of peoples performance. Achievement evaluation in both economic accomplishments, take another look at the effectiveness of social progress; changes in both urban and rural change; both hard environment to strengthen and take another look at the soft environment improvement momentum of development at present, depending on the potential for sustainable development. Leave people to talk about values are worthless and leave people to talk about Outlook is not what the performance. 4. people responded to the starting point of the question, and replied to questions point. Man is the sum of social relationships. We cannot leave the chichuanyongdu, housing, tourism and entertainment, entertaining, and even certain political, economic, cultural and social environment, and so on. Due to human needs, all walks of life will come into being. People create for their survival, and continue enjoying the results of the construction. Colorful in the transformation of the people of the world, community vitality in the creation of man. Therefore, any work we do, the starting point is human, what are people. Us speed up development, the core of which is to meet the needs of people, including survival needs, emotional needs and self-actualization needs. It should be noted that people are not machines, not the slave of an object, not to be controlled. People have their own personality, has its own personality, has its own dignity. Person in need of care, you need to understand, need to meet. It is said that in the agricultural society, people plant; in industrial society, man is an animal; the information society, return应用真菌之药用菌生物工程1101班 0306110210 周晓丹摘要：药用真菌自古为我国中医药所利用，为我国中医药史上一道不可磨没的光辉。现代生物技术的发展，让我们了解到真正使药用真菌发挥作用的化学物质。本文简述了这些化学物质的作用机理及功效，并以灵芝为例具体阐明这些化学物质的具体功效。菌物资源是国家可持续发展重要战略生物资源。菌物界物种估计有150余万种，自然界现存的菌物(fungi)大约有40万种。我国菌物资源极为丰富，按物种估计约20万以上，其中90以上还没有被认识。药用菌物是具有保健和预防治疗疾病作用的一类真菌，在维护人类健康方面发挥着非常重要的作用，药用菌物资源是新药、新农药及生物功能成分的宝贵资源库，我国传统药用及试验具有药效的菌物已超过800多种，具有很大的开发潜力。1.目前从药用菌物中分离鉴定的化学成分主要有萜类化合物(三萜、二萜、倍半萜)、甾体、生物碱、酚性成分、鞘脂、色素类，另外还有研究较多的多糖和其他类型成分。11 萜类111三萜三萜类化学成分是药用菌物的主要组成部分，是四川灵芝、茯苓和桦褐孔菌等药用菌物的主要成分，其中茯苓三萜和灵芝三萜研究较多。茯苓三萜可以分为2个类型，羊毛甾烷型和3，4开环的羊毛甾烷型，目前文献报道的茯苓羊毛甾烷型三萜主要来至茯苓的内核、皮和发酵液，3，4开环的羊毛甾烷型三萜主要来至茯苓皮。灵芝三萜类化合物相对分子质量一般在400600，化学结构较为复杂，目前巳知有7类不同的母核结构，三萜母核上有多个不同的取代基，常见有羧基、羟基、酮基、甲基、乙酰基和甲氧基等。112二萜二萜类化合物因其有独特的生物活性而倍受人们的关注。在药用菌物中分布较少，只有少数报道，如Itiromichi等从猴头菌丝体中分得一个新二萜化合物efinacine B。此外，在黑蛋巢菌、侧耳属的几种伞菌、粗环射脉菌中均报道含有天然二萜类化合物，如从侧耳中发现的mutilin和pleuromutilin，空柄乳牛肝菌(Suillus cavipes)中分离到的cavipetins AE(Toyota et a1，1990)，多汁乳菇(Lactarius volemus)中分离到的volemolide，粗糙肉齿菌中发现的sarcodonines AG(Ma eta1，2005；Liu et a12007；刘吉开，2004)。113倍半萜倍半萜是药用真菌中一类最大最重要的化学成分，也是研究最多的最透彻的一类成分，结构类型多样，活性也多样。倍半萜类成分在药用菌物中分布比较集中，而且菌物中还有很多结构类型独特、生物合成途径和高等植物不太一样的倍半萜骨架类型。倍半萜研究主要集中于牛肝菌、红菇、香菇、乳菇、小皮伞和蜜环菌等药用菌物中，其他的如四川灵芝、蘑菇等也有少量分布。同时这些倍半萜结构类型还可以为担子菌的系统学分类提供证据。12 甾体药用菌槐中甾体化合物相对萜类成分报道较少，目前发现的类型主要为麦角甾醇类及其衍生物，该类成分在灵芝属菌物中报道较多。甾醇类化合物是一类重要的原维生素D，受紫外线照射可转化为维生素D，麦角菌、侧耳、酵母菌、猪苓、冬虫夏草、金针菇等药用菌物中均含有甾醇类化合物。13生物碱在药用菌物化学成分中，生物碱也是重要的一类。从菌物中分离出来的生物碱可分为吲哚、嘌呤和吡咯三类。以前对吲哚类生物碱报道较多，吲哚类主要有麦角碱、麦角胺新碱、麦角胺、麦角异胺、麦角生碱、麦角异生碱等六对旋光异构体。嘌呤类如香菇嘌呤，而灵芝碱甲和灵芝碱乙属于吡咯类生物碱。14酚性成分药用菌物中的酚|生成分相对于植物来说含量较少，但是真菌中往往含有一些特殊的，如含有卤代的酚性成分，如来自亚稀褶黑菇的亚稀褶黑菇毒素、来源于黏小奥德和嗜球果伞(Strobilurus 的小奥德蘑素(Oudemansins)(Anke et a11990)和嗜球果伞素、来源于地花菌中的地花菌素和grifolin、干巴菌中分离到的一类多苯乙酰化联三苯类化合物。蜜环菌和假蜜环菌菌丝发酵液中发现系列的倍半萜酚酯类化合物。奇丝地花孔菌含有法呢基酚类化合物。15鞘脂鞘脂广泛存在于各类菌物中，是真核生物细胞质膜组成成分。药用菌物来源的鞘酯基本结构为神经酰胺，即以(神经)鞘氨醇为基本骨架，与长链脂肪酸形成的酰胺类化合物。鞘脂可分为以下几类：神经酰胺、脑苷、糖鞘脂、肌醇磷酸神经酰胺、二肌醇磷酸神经酰胺。神经酰胺如蜜环菌中的新化合物，灰树花孢子粉中发现4个新神经酰胺，其鞘氨醇骨架相同而脂肪链长短不同。脑苷为神经酰胺的1位羟基与糖连接而成，可分为葡萄糖脑苷和半乳糖脑苷，药用真菌中常见的是葡萄糖脑苷，目前从灵芝共生菌发酵菌丝体中分得4个脑苷化合物。糖鞘脂为神经酰胺的1位羟基与寡糖连接而成。肌醇磷酸神经酰胺是由磷酸分别与神经酰胺的1位羟基以及肌醇或其衍生物的1位羟基连接而成的二酯。16 色素类药用菌物中分离出来的色素亦常有报道，其结构可分为：双聚色酮、芘醌、双聚蒽醌类、双聚萘骈吡喃酮类、l，2一毗喃酮类等化合物。双聚色酮类是一类由2个分子的色酮聚合而成的化合物，如麦角菌中含有一种双聚色酮及两种异构体，它们与麦角及其提取物的颜色有关，从竹黄菌中分离出来的竹红菌素A，是一种芘醌类化合物。国外对菌物中色素研究较早，目前已发现的比较重要的色素有紫绒丝膜菌。17多糖20世纪80年代起，随着多糖生物活性的广泛研究，人们对药用菌物研究最多的也是多糖，各种食用和药用甚至一些非药用菌物都有多糖的报道。菌物多糖是7个分子以上存在于自然界中醛糖、核酮糖通过糖甙键缩合而成的多聚物。药用菌物多糖作为一类具有重要生物活性的物质，在对人类一些疑难病症的治疗方面显示出很好的疗效。目前报道最多的主要集中于香菇多糖、灵芝多糖、云芝多糖、松茸多糖、银耳多糖、猪苓多糖、虫草多糖、金针菇多糖、黑木耳多糖、茯苓多糖、猴头多糖等。有关药用菌物多糖研究热点主要集中在药用菌物的营养与生理学活性，药用菌物多糖的提取、纯化工艺以及结构分析等。以目前研究最多的灵芝、香菇多糖为例，多糖类化合物是灵芝(所含主要化学成分之一，灵芝多糖种类很多，有水溶性多糖、酸性多糖和碱性多糖。目前，已分离到200多种灵芝多糖，其中大部分为口一型葡聚糖，少数为旺一型葡聚糖，还有一些氨基聚糖、脱氧聚糖和蛋白聚糖。这些研究为开发和利用药用菌物提供了科学依据。18其他类型成分药用菌物中含有丰富的氨基酸，且多数药用菌。物中氨基酸种类丰富，含量高，大多可以食用。一些有毒菌也含有非蛋白氨基酸，如从毒蘑菇杯伞中发现16个非蛋白氨基酸。药用菌物中还有核酸、蛋白质、有机酸、多元醇、呋喃衍生物类、微量元素素食纤维和维生素等成分。另外菌物中还有多种用于工业、医疗或食品加工用的酶。2.药用菌从很早开始就在我国应用：古代有灵芝，灵芝是中医药学宝库中的珍品。自古以来流传着许多关于灵芝的传说，将灵芝奉为仙草，具有延缓衰老、长生不老的功效。灵芝，又称为赤芝、红芝，俗称瑞草、灵芝草，有关记载最早收录于神农本草经。灵芝是一种大型真菌，全世界共有104种，我国主要有20多种可做药用，分为：青芝，具有促明目、补肝气、安桔魂的功效；赤芝，具有助心气纳内、增智慧治健忘的功效；黄芝，具有益脾助气的功效；白芝，具有益肺气、强意志的功效；黑芝，可治肾病；紫芝，可益耳助听、利筋肉、通关节。 灵芝有效成分为菌丝体、子实体、孢子粉，其内部都含有蛋白质、脂肪、多糖、纤维素、内脂、生物碱、维生素等营养成分。其中最主要的成分有灵芝多糖、肽和氨基酸、生物碱、有机酸、核苷、三萜类等。2.1灵芝多糖是灵芝提高人体免疫功能，扶正固本的主要成分。能解毒，提高肝脏，骨团，血液合成DNA和蛋白质的能力。可治疗慢性、急性肝炎，促进肝细胞的修复作用，保护肝脏功能，同时起防癌、治癌的作用。药用菌多糖来自真菌的菌丝、子实体和发酵液。具有可以提高免疫应答和诱发抗肿瘤的作用。2.2肽与氨基酸：异亮氨酸，含量非常丰富，对进行性肌营养不良，萎缩性肌强宜等具有明显的疗效。灵芝中含有中性肽、酸性肽和碱性肽，具有强烈的药理活性，有镇痛，解毒等作用。2.3生物碱：是灵芝中具有重要生理活性物质；能改善冠状动脉血流量，降低心肌耗氧量，增强心肌及机体对缺氧的耐受性和降低胆固碎；对心脑血管、冠心病、高血压、高血脂等有一定疗效。同时各种生物碱具有抗炎、镇痛的作用。2. 4有机酸：由硬脂酸、棕搁酸、二十碳酸、十九碳酸、二十四碳酸等组成。有保肝、毒杀肝瘤细胞的功能。2.5核苷：有很强的抑制血小板凝集的作用，从而解除血粘和血栓，可防止血栓病：如脑血栓、心肌梗塞、血流不畅、心肌无力等疾病。2.6有机锗： 灵芝有机锗含量800012000x106浓度，是人参的46倍。使血液畅通，增强红细胞携带氧的能力，促进新陈代谢，延缓衰老，能与体内污染的重金属离子相结合而形成锗化台物，在24小时内排出体外。因此是理想的保健食品。2.7三萜类：是灵芝有效成分的具有明显生理活性的一类化合物。能抑制鼠细胞组脓的释放，有刺激肝功能，降血压，理气等作用，可用于肝炎心血管病等治疗。灵芝除了这些有效成分外，还有挥发油、树胎、甘露酵和微量元素等化学成分，可治疗慢性支气管炎和哮喘病，加速胰腺血液循环，增强胰岛宗，改善血糖症状，对糖尿病有很好的疗效，此外还可治胃肠病、溃疡、神经痈、风湿病等多种疾病。3.总结：目前从药用菌物中分离鉴定的化学成分主要有萜类化合物(三萜、二萜、倍半萜)、甾体、生物碱、酚性成分、鞘脂、色素类，另外还有研究较多的多糖和其他类型成分。灵芝有效成分为菌丝体、子实体、孢子粉，其内部都含有蛋白质、脂肪、多糖、纤维素、内脂、生物碱、维生素等营养成分。其中最主要的成分有灵芝多糖、肽和氨基酸、生物碱、有机酸、核苷、三萜类等。Now, we are in a new historical stage of all-round construction of a well-off society. In perform duties, and carried out work of process in the, we to put people as a guide principles, and a test standard, efforts from masses most hope do of things do up, from masses most care of hot problem grabbed, from masses most not satisfaction of place modified up, not make nominal of formalism, not do grandstanding of cosmetic, to seeking of style, help masses share, is people benefit. (C) the investee people is not only an idea, it is a job requirement. Philosophy through to the people-oriented thought in the work of the Office, must be clear work objectives. Party Office in the city this year remains: Advanced civil strife, local brand. The County (City) Party Committee offices and units directly under the Office to hold high the banner of first to excellence, people-oriented requirements, strengthen the construction and management of the Office towards the work a higher level. Investee 1. political participation based on conspiracy to adhere to people-oriented, will be around to promote coordinationDevelopment events, great searchings. The 16 session of the partys scientific Outlook on development, is the new Central collective leadership to the development of connotation, development essentials, further deepen the essence of development and innovation, is our partys ruling idea a leap. At present, establishing and implementing the scientific concept of development has become the partys important work. As the Office of party Committee, working party should service center, initiative to claim leadership of the decision, the current focus is to focus on promoting comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development with more suggestions, do more research, summarized the typical. One is drafted to raise the level of your presentation. Your presentation is the main Office of products, is the basic carrier staff service, is important to measure service levels. The quality of your presentation, mainly depends on how much we drafted a document recognized by the leadership, ho