毕业设计-基于AT89C51单片机的带彩灯外观音乐盒设计.docx

单片机原理及系统课程设计报告基于at89c51单片机的带彩灯外观音乐盒设计摘 要随着人类社会的发展，人们对视觉、听觉方面的享受提出了越来越高的要求。小小的音乐盒可以给人们带来美好的回忆，提高人们的精神文化享受。传统音乐盒多是机械型的，体积笨重，发音单调，不能实现批量生产。本文设计的音乐盒是以at89c51单片机为核心元件的电子式音乐盒，体积小，重量轻，能演奏音乐，功能多，外观效果多彩，配有彩灯,使用方便，本音乐盒有三个按键，key1控制彩灯，key2控制音乐，key3为总开关，可同时关闭音乐与彩灯。具有一定的商业价值。关键字：at89c51；音乐盒；按键；彩灯abstract along with the development of human society, people of vision, hearing things put forward higher request. small music box can bring good memories and improve peoples spiritual culture. traditional music box is heavy mechanical type, size, pronunciation and drab, cannot achieve batch production. music box designed in this paper based on at89c51 microcontroller as the core element of electronic music box, small size, light weight, can play music, multi-function, appearance and colorful, with a lantern,easy to use. the music box with three buttons , the key1 control lantern, key2 control music, key3 total switch can turn off the music and lanterns. have some commercial value.keywords: at89c51, music boxes, buttons, lantern 1 引言1.1设计目的随着电子技术及计算机技术的发展，单片机在日常生活中的应用越来越广泛，同时也显现出了它的重要性，尤其在一些特殊的场合更是不可代替。为熟悉单片机的应用。要求设计一个基于at89c51单片机的带彩灯外观的音乐盒。1.2设计要求音乐盒有三个按键key1，key2，key3，其中key1控制彩灯的样式，本设计有六种彩灯花样，每按一次变换一种样式。key2控制音乐播放，本设计有五首音乐，每按一次变换到下一首，同时八路led灯随音调不同而闪烁。key3为总开关用于关闭音乐跟彩灯。2设计方案及原理2.1设计原理音调之所以不同是因为频率的不同。根据每个音调的频率单片机内部的定时计数器来产生相应的音乐脉冲。只要算出某一音频的周期(1/频率)，然后将此周期除以2，即为半周期的时间。利用定时器计时这半个周期时间，每当计时到后就将输出脉冲的i/o口反相，然后重复计时此半周期时间再对i/o反相，就可在i/o脚上得到此频率的脉冲。利用at89c51的内部定时计数器工作在方式1下，改变初值th0及tl0以产生不同频率。 此外结束符和休止符可以分别用代码0xff和0x00来表示，若查表结果为0xff，则表示曲子终了；若查表结果为0x00，则产生相应的停顿效果。 例如频率为523hz，其周期t=1/523=1912us，定时时间为1912/2=956us因此只要令计数器计时956us/1us=956次(若晶振频率为6mhz)，在每次计数956次时将i/o反相，就可得到中音do(523hz)。根据计数次数就可算出计数初值。要产生音乐光有音调是不行的，每个音调还有持续一定的时间。这可以用延时程序delay()来实现。因此每个音乐代码有八位数字组成，高四位控制音调，低四位通过延时程序对该音调进行延时。通过子函数连续不断的调用音乐代码就产生了动听的音乐。音调的频率与时间都不同，让do、re、mi、fa、so、la、si分别对应八路led灯中的一个，这样播放音乐的同时就有led灯对应闪烁。2.2总体设计思想图1思路图如图1所示按键部分有三个键，分别结于外部中断p3.2/int0，p3.3/int1，及串行口p3.1/txd上，p3.2每产生一次中断count1加一，根据count1的值来决定花样灯的种类。p3.3每产生一次中断count2加一，根据count2的数值来决定播放哪一首歌曲。p3.1接总开关的。播放音乐，及花样灯均通过调用子程序来实现。八路led灯灯接到p1口。扬声器接到p3.7上。总体设计电路，如图2。 图2设计图3硬件设计电路由at89c51,八路led灯,排阻,三个开关,扬声器及晶振组成，搭建如图3。图3硬件图4软件设计根据设计要求及其原理绘制程序流程图，如图4，,根据流程图，在keil中编写程序，并不断编译跟调试，直至没有任何错误和警告。在keil中该程序能够运行证明编写成功。程序见附录2。图4流程图5系统仿真及实际调试按照实验电路图在proteus中找到相应的元器件，并搭建电路，将相应元器件的规格调到合适值。在keil中生成hex文件，装入单片机中运行，按key1可看到花样灯闪烁，每按一次变化一种样式。按key2可听到动听的音乐，每按一次变化为下一首歌。按key3可以同时关闭灯跟歌曲。按键均可实现要求的功能，proteus截图见附录1。6总结 上学期通过对单片机原理及应用系统设计的学习，使我对单片机的硬件结构，指令系统，以及系统设计有了一定的认识，在这基础之上进行单片机设计，可以说是轻松了不少，然而在实际设计的过程中依然暴露出许多问题。例如我对单片机的中断系统就了解不够深，这使得我在设计按键控制的时候，面临很大的问题，最终我通过重新翻阅课本及相关资料，克服了这一困难。在程序设计的过程中，也出现了不少问题，例如在总开关程序的编写中，我就无从下手。最终我通过向老师答疑得以解决。此次课程设计也使我对c编程的有关知识得以温习和重新学习。 总之可以说是收益匪浅。参考文献1王思明，张金敏，苟军年等. 单片机原理及应用系统设计m. 北京：科学出版社，2012.2李云钢，周逢兴，龙志强. 单片机原理与系统设计m. 北京：中国水利水电出版社，2008.3谭浩强. c语言程序设计(第四版) m. 北京：清华大学出版社，2010.4风波亲，吴宁. 微型计算机原理与接口技术m. 北京：清华大学出版社，2008.3.5吴秀清，周荷琴. 微型计算机与接口技术m. 合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，2002.6宋戈等. 单片机应用开发范例大全m. 北京：人民邮电出版社，2010.5.附录1图5仿真图附录2源程序#include #define uchar unsigned char#define uint unsigned intsbit key1=p32;/按key1可切换花样sbit key2=p33;/按key2可切换歌曲sbit key3=p31;/总开关，用于总体控制花样灯跟歌曲。sbit fm=p37;/蜂鸣器连续到i/o口p37上/-六种花样灯闪烁代码-uchar code huayang1=0x7f,0xbf,0xdf,0xef,0xf7,0xfb,0xfd,0xfe,0xfd,0xfb,0xf7,0xef,0xdf,0xbf;/花样灯1uchar code huayang2=0x7f,0xfe,0xbf,0xfd,0xdf,0xfb,0xef,0xf7,0xef,0xfb,0xdf,0xfd,0xbf,0xfe;/花样灯2uchar code huayang3=0x7f,0x3f,0x1f,0x0f,0x07,0x03,0x01,0x0,0x80,0xc0,0xe0,0xf0,0xf8,0xfc,0xfe,0xff;/花样灯3uchar code huayang4=0x3f,0x9f,0xcf,0xe7,0xf3,0xf9,0xfc, 0xf9,0xf3,0xe7,0xcf,0x9f,0x3f; /花样灯4uchar code huayang5=0x3f,0xfc,0x9f,0xf9,0xcf,0xf3,0xe7, 0xcf,0xf3,0x9f,0xf9,0x3f,0xfc; /花样灯5uchar code huayang6=0x55,0xaa,0xcc,0x33,0x99,0x66,0x0f,0xf0; /花样灯6uchar count1;/花样标志uchar count2;/歌曲标志uchar timeh,timel,i;/-音乐代码-/音乐代码中，字节高位控制频率,即为音调。字节低位控制该音调持续的时间，/代表多少个十六分音符。/1-7代表中央c调,8-e代表高八度,0代表停顿/最后的0是结束标志即0xff。uchar code yldbwdx= /月亮代表我的心0x02,0x82,0x16,0x32,0x54,0x02,0x52,0xa6,0x32,0x54,0x02,0x52,0x64,0x74,0xb6,0x64,0x52,0x5c,0x32,0x22,0x16,0x12,0x14,0x32,0x22,0x16,0x12,0x14,0x22,0x32,0x26,0x12,0x94,0x22,0x32,0x2c,0x32,0x52,0x36,0x22,0x14,0x54,0xac,0x92,0xa2,0x96,0xa2,0x96,0x82,0x3c,0x54,0x36,0x22,0x14,0x54,0xac,0x92,0xa2,0x16,0x12,0x14,0x22,0x32,0x2c,0x02,0x82,0x16,0x32,0x56,0x12,0xa6,0x32,0x56,0x52,0x66,0x72,0xb6,0x62,0x1c,0xff/结束标志;uchar code kdqg=/康定情歌0x64,0x84,0x92,0x91,0x81,0x93,0x61,0x54,0x62,0x82,0x92,0x91,0x81,0x92,0x64,0x62,0x82,0x92,0x91,0x81,0x93,0x61,0x54,0x82,0x62,0x51,0x61,0x51,0x41,0x52,0x24,0x92,0x54,0x82,0x64,0x52,0x42,0x94,0x82,0x62,0x51,0x61,0x51,0x41,0x52,0x24,0xff;uchar code lzh=/国歌0x03,0x04,0x04,0xc2,0x14,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x11,0x11,0xc2,0xd1,0xe1,0x14,0x02,0x32,0x12,0x21,0x31,0x52,0x51,0x51,0x54, 0x32,0x31,0x31,0x12,0x11,0x31,0x52,0x51,0x31,0x24,0x24,0x24,0x64,0x54,0x24,0x34,0x52,0x32,0x21,0x31,0x12,0x11,0x21,0x34,0x04, 0x52,0x51,0xd1,0x12,0x12,0x32,0x31,0x31,0x52,0x51,0x51,0x22,0x22,0x22,0xd2,0xd1,0x24,0x22,0xc2,0x14,0x12,0x34,0x32,0x32,0x54,0x54,0x54,0x54,0x12,0x11,0x31,0x52,0x51,0x51,0x64,0x54,0x32,0x31,0x11,0x52,0x52,0x52,0x32,0x02,0x12,0x02,0xc4,0x14,0xa2,0xa1,0x11,0x52,0x52,0x52,0x32,0x02,0x12,0x02,0xc4,0x14,0xc4,0x14,0xc4,0x14,0x14,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x04,0xff;uchar code jmszl= /寂寞沙洲冷0x12,0x12,0x22,0x32,0x31,0x22,0x21,0x22,0x21,0x31,0x51,0x52,0x31,0x52,0x61,0x15,0x14,0x51,0x52,0x31,0x52,0x62,0x13,0x11,0x13,0x32,0x28,0x08,0x28,0x31,0x32,0x31,0x32,0x11,0x21,0x51,0x52,0x51,0x52,0x51,0x51,0x31,0x32,0x31,0x32,0x81,0x72,0x63,0x62,0x71,0x81,0x72,0x61,0x61,0x52,0x31,0x21,0x32,0x51,0x54,0x22,0x12,0x11,0x12,0x11,0x12,0x12,0x14,0x26,0x32,0x26,0x32,0x61,0x51,0x51,0x31,0x31,0x21,0x31,0x51,0x61,0x51,0x31,0x51,0x02,0x32,0x81,0x81,0x81,0x81,0x62,0x52,0x34, 0x31,0x81,0x81,0x81,0x61,0x91,0x82,0x51,0x51,0x51,0x51,0x31,0x61,0x53,0x21,0x11,0x21,0x11,0x22,0x11,0x21,0x26,0x32,0x61,0x51,0x51,0x31,0x31,0x21,0x31,0x51,0x61,0x51,0x31,0x51,0x52,0x31,0x31,0x81,0x81,0x81,0x61,0x91,0x81,0x61,0x31,0x56,0x32,0x32,0x81,0x81,0x81,0x81,0x91,0x81,0x61,0x81,0x61,0x51,0x31,0x51,0x34,0x21,0x31,0x51,0x31,0x21,0x11,0x61,0x21,0x16,0xff;uchar code qnzl= /千年之恋0x12,0x22,0x34,0x84,0x74,0x54,0x38,0x42,0x32,0x22,0x42,0x34,0x84,0x72,0x82,0x94,0xa8,0x08,0x32,0x31,0x21,0x32,0x52,0x32,0x31,0x21,0x32,0x62, 0x32,0x31,0x21,0x32,0x82,0x71,0x81,0x71,0x51,0x32,0x22, 0x32,0x31,0x21,0x32,0x52,0x32,0x31,0x21,0x32,0x62, 0x32,0x31,0x21,0x32,0x83,0x82,0x71,0x72,0x02, 0x63,0xa1,0xa2,0x62,0x92,0x82,0x52, 0x31,0x51,0x63,0x51,0x63,0x51,0x63,0x51,0x62,0x82,0x7c,0x02, 0x61,0x71,0x82,0x71,0x62,0xa2,0x71,0x76, 0x61,0x71,0x82,0x71,0x62,0x52,0x31,0x36, 0x61,0x71,0x82,0x71,0x62,0xa3,0x73,0x62,0x53, 0x42,0x63,0x83,0x83,0x91,0x91, 0x61,0x71,0x82,0x71,0x62,0x0a2,0x71,0x76, 0x61,0x71,0x82,0x71,0x62,0x52,0x31,0x36, 0x61,0x71,0x82,0x71,0x62,0xa3,0x73,0x62,0x53, 0x42,0x82,0x88,0x02,0x74,0x93,0x89, 0xff;/-不同音调对应的定时器初值-/适合11.0592m的晶振uchar code chuzhi= 0xff,0xff,/占位 0xfc,0x8e,/中央c调1-7 0xfc,0xed, 0xfd,0x43, 0xfd,0x6a, 0xfd,0xb3, 0xfd,0xf3, 0xfe,0x2d, 0xfe,0x47,/高八度1-7 0xfe,0x76, 0xfe,0xa1, 0xfe,0xc7, 0xfe,0xd9, 0xfe,0xf9, 0xff,0x16 ;uchar yinyue=0xff,0xfe,0xfd,0xfb,0xf7,0xef,0xdf,0xbf,0x7f,0x0,0x0;/将音调转化为对应的led样式void delay1(uint z);/延时1msvoid delay(uint z);/延时165ms,即十六分音符void song();void beep();/蜂鸣器叫一声/-主函数-main()uchar x; count1=0;/流水灯无花样count2=1;/唱第一首歌ea=1;/开总中断ex0=1;/开外部中断0it0=1;/外部中断0下降沿触发方式ex1=1;/开外部中断1it1=1;/外部中断1下降沿触发方式tmod=0x01;/定时器0工作在方式1th0=0;tl0=0;et0=1;while(1) if(count1!=0)switch(count1)case 1:for(x=0;x14;x+) if(key3=1)p1=0xff;fm=0;break;p1=huayang1x;beep();delay1(300);if(count1!=1)break;break;case 2:for(x=0;x14;x+)if(key3=1)p1=0xff;fm=0;break;p1=huayang2x;beep();delay1(300);if(count1!=2)break;break;case 3:for(x=0;x16;x+)if(key3=1)p1=0xff;fm=0;break;p1=huayang3x;beep();delay1(300);if(count1!=3)break;break;case 4:for(x=0;x13;x+)if(key3=1)p1=0xff;fm=0;break;p1=huayang4x;beep();delay1(300);if(count1!=4)break;break;case 5:for(x=0;x13;x+) if(key3=1)p1=0xff;fm=0;break;p1=huayang5x;beep();delay1(300);if(count1!=5)break;break;case 6:for(x=0;x8;x+) if(key3=1)p1=0xff;fm=0;break;p1=huayang6x;beep();delay1(300);if(count1!=6)break; break;/elseif(count1=0)song();delay1(1000); void int0() interrupt 0ea=0;/关总中断delay1(1);/去抖if(key1=0)count2=0;/不让蜂鸣器唱歌tr0=0;count1+;if(count1=7) count1=1;ea=1;/开总中断void int1() interrupt 2ea=0;/关总中断delay1(1);/去抖if(key2=0)count1=0;/流水灯无花样tr0=1;i=0;/从头开始唱count2+;if(count2=6) count2=1;ea=1;/开总中断void timer0() interrupt 1 /用于产生各种音调th0=timeh;tl0=timel;fm=fm;/-子函数-void beep()/蜂鸣器叫一声uchar i;for(i=0;i0;x-) for(y=19000;y0;y-);void delay1(uint z)/延时1msuint x,y;for(x=z;x0;x-) for(y=112;y0;y-);void song()uint temp;uchar jp;/jp是简谱i=0;while(1)if(count2=0)break;if(key3=1)p1=0xff; fm=0; break;if(count2=1) /conut2=1选择月亮代表我的心 temp=yldbwdxi;if(count2=2) /count2=2选择寂寞沙洲冷temp=jmszli;if(count2=3) /count2=3选择千年之恋temp=qnzli; if(count2=4) /count2=4康定情歌temp=kdqgi;if(count2=5) /count2=5国歌temp=lzhi;if(temp=0xff) /到0xff一首歌曲结束break;jp=temp/16; /取数的高4位p1=yinyuejp;if(jp!=0)timeh=chuzhijp*2;timel=chuzhijp*2+1;elsetr0=0;fm=0;/关蜂鸣器delay(temp%16); /取数的低4位tr0=0; fm=1;delay1(10); /唱完一个音停10mstr0=1; i+; tr0=0;fm=1;g an employment tribunal claiemployment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.you may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.for more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seedismissal.you can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. however, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. if your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i.if you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. if you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.if you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. this is known as adamages-based agreement. in england and wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.if you are thinking about signing up for a damages-based agreement, you should make sure youre clear about the terms of the agreement. it might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a citizens advice bureau. to find your nearest cab, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest cab.for more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeemployment tribunals.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska.age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. may be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; may be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字开头的年龄已经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己似乎把转瞬即逝的很多个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子；或许是追溯过去，对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异信念的醒悟，这些天以来，思绪一直很凌乱，在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己自己似乎应该去做点什么，或者写点什么。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅，突然就感觉到有些事情，非做不可了。the end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而穷尽我们的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？during my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for new year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年时，觉得压岁钱和新衣服是过年必备，但是随着年龄的推进，会越来越发现，那些东西根本就可有可无；初中时，以为要有一场暗恋才意味着真正的成长，但三年过去后，自己心平气和的写同学录的时候，突然就发现是不是真正的成长了，好像并没有那么重要了；然后到了高中，觉得非要吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情愫划上一个句点，但毕业晚会的时候最终还是被梗塞在了咽喉，后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的球场，看着他投过篮球的球框时，突然间发现自己已经想不起他的容颜。originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原来，这个世界上，对某个事件能产生化学反应的，除了非做不可的坚决，还有，时间。a persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一个人的时候，自己的想法总是特别地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明确，好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事，但更多的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦，最终却发现有很多缘分，有很多错过，好像冥冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可，只是青葱年华里自己给自己注射的一支强心剂，或者说，是自以为是的精神寄托罢了。at the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; those were broken into various shapes of stationery; from the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是阴暗的，空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件蓝格子衬衫；那些被折成各种各样形状的信纸；那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊；还有那场还没有开始就宣告了终结的邂逅计划那些年那些天的非做不可，终于和青春一样，都将在我们的人生中谢幕。baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drif