2013-2014四级培训(阅读技巧篇)选词填空.ppt

2013大学英语四级阅读技巧 之 选词填空 Banked Cloze,篇章层次的词汇理解 (选词填空 Banked Cloze),220个单词左右的文章， 在文章当中去除了10个单词 从15个单词选项中选择正确的单词填入文章,出题特点,1. 考查学生综合语言运用能力 以词汇、语法、阅读为基础 把握文章主题、大意、作者的观点 了解全文的结构、思路 了解各段内的行文逻辑 注意句意的起、承、转、合 把握语法结构 了解所列单词的词性和基本搭配,出题特点,2. 考查词汇运用能力 词义辨析：同义词、近义词、反义词或形近易混词 固定搭配：动词、形容词、副词、介词的固定搭配和习惯用法 句子之间的逻辑关系：列举、原因、结果、让步、转折、对照、补充、时间顺序、目的、条件等不同逻辑关系的连接词 词汇的复现：以原词、指代词、同义词、反义词、概括词等重现在整篇文章的前后。,解题步骤,1)首先跳读skim全文，抓住中心 根据首段原则以及首末句原则，迅速抓出文章的主题。判定文章主题对于篇章的整体把握具有很大的积极意义。 2)接着阅读词汇选项，词性分类归纳 仔细阅读词汇选项。因为选项给我们的仅仅是一个单词，而非句子或者语段，所以考试难度就大大下降了。我们应该根据词性把每个单词进行分类归纳,标出词性。如名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词各有几个选项。 3)然后瞻前顾后，灵活选择 根据空格中应填入的词性，大大缩小选择范围。根据上下文的内在逻辑结构、意义等选择合适的选项填空:用法搭配、词的褒贬色彩，平行结构，单复数，时态、等标准及排除法选出唯一正确的。 4) 最后复读全文，谨慎调整 填空完成后，再次复读全文，自我感觉上下文是否通顺、内在逻辑关系是否连贯。如有问题，要谨慎的微作调整。,解题技巧：6点,1) 判定词性时可以重点分析动词的时态，即哪几个是一般现在时，哪几个是过去时或者过去分词。根据上下文时态对应的原则，进一步缩小选择范围。 2) 如果选项中出现指示代词时，往往该选项不能放在首句，要注意指代成立的条件。 3) 如果选项中出现一组反义词时，往往有一个是干扰选项，它注重考察的是对于文章框架结构的理解，要求理解整篇文章的语境色彩。,解题技巧,4) 如果选项中出现一组近义词时，往往也有一个是干扰选项，它注重考察的是词汇的精确理解，要求分析清楚其细微的区别。 5) 如果选项为连词时，要关注上下句内在的逻辑关系。常见的逻辑关系有：因果，并列平行，递进，强对比，前后意思一致等。 6) 要有总体观，不必按顺序作题。先把自己最有把握的词选出，然后删除该选项，为吃不准的选项缩小选择范围。,样题解析 首先跳读全文，抓住文章中心,Dream is a way for the subconscious to communicate with the 36 mind. Dreaming of something youre worried about is the brains way of helping you rehearse for a disaster if it occurs. Dreaming of a challenge, like giving a presentation at work or playing sports, can enhance your 37 . And cognitive neuroscientists have discovered that dreams and the rapid eye movement while youre dreaming are 38 to our ability to learn and remember. Dreaming is a “mood regulatory system,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chairman of the psychology 39 at Rush University Medical Center. Shes found that dreams help people work through the days emotional quandaries. “Its like having a built-in therapist,” says Cartwright. While we 40 , dreams compare new emotional experience to old memories, creating plaid-like patterns of old images laid on top of new ones. As she puts it, “You may wake up and think What was Uncle Harry doing in my dream? I havent seen him for 50 years. But the old and new images are 41 related.” Its the job of the conscious mind to figure out the relationship. In fact, dream emotions can help real therapists treat patients 42 traumatic life events. In a study of 30 divorced adults, Cartwright tracked their dreams 43 a five-month period, she discovered those who were angriest at the spouse while dreaming had the best chance of successfully coping with divorce. “If their dreams were bland,” Cartwright says, “they hadnt started to work through their emotions and 44 the divorce.” For therapists, this finding will help 45 if the divorced need counseling or have already dreamed their troubles away.,其次细察并标出备选词词性 p6,A) deal with v. I) determine v. B) physically ad. J) sleep v./n. C) wake v./n. K) department n. D) performance n. L) conscious a. E) unconscious a. M) presentation n. F) undergoing ing/a. /n-ing N) linked ed/a. G) experience v./n. O) emotionally ad. H) over prep./ad./ a./v. 具体分析做题,Dream is a way for the subconscious to communicate with the 36 mind. Dreaming of something youre worried about is the brains way of helping you rehearse for a disaster if it occurs. Dreaming of a challenge, like giving a presentation at work or playing sports, can enhance your 37 . A) deal with v. I) determine v. B) physically ad. J) sleep v./n. C) wake v./n. K) department n. D) performance n. L) conscious a. E) unconscious a. M) presentation n. F) undergoing 现分/a. /动名 N) linked 过分/a. G) experience v./n. O) emotionally ad. H) over prep./ad./ a./v.,36. 形. unconscious and conscious 为一对反义词；而 unconscious（无意识的；失去知觉的 ）为干扰项.因此，答案为L) conscious,37. 名. D) performance 表现,And cognitive neuroscientists have discovered that dreams and the rapid eye movement while youre dreaming are 38 to our ability to learn and remember. Dreaming is a “mood regulatory system,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chairman of the psychology 39 at Rush University Medical Center. Shes found that dreams help people work through the days emotional quandaries. A) deal with v. I) determine v. B) physically ad. J) sleep v./n. C) wake v./n. K) department n. D) performance n. L) conscious a. E) unconscious a. M) presentation n. F) undergoing 现分/a. /动名 N) linked 过分/a. G) experience v./n. O) emotionally ad. H) over prep./ad./ a./v.,38. 形或分词作表语, 与有关联 N) (be) linked to,39. n. 大学的系、部 K) department,While we 40 , dreams compare new emotional experience to old memories, creating plaid-like patterns of old images laid on top of new ones. As she puts it, “You may wake up and think What was Uncle Harry doing in my dream? I havent seen him for 50 years. But the old and new images are 41 related.” Its the job of the conscious mind to figure out the relationship. A) deal with v. I) determine v. B) physically ad. J) sleep v./n. C) wake v./n. K) department n. D) performance n. L) conscious a. E) unconscious a. M) presentation n. F) undergoing 现分/a. /动名 N) linked 过分/a. G) experience v./n. O) emotionally ad. H) over prep./ad./ a./v.,40. 此处缺少动词性质词，本句为一般现在时，wake /sleep一对反义词 J) sleep,41. adv. physically/emotionally 一对反义词 O) emotionally,In fact, dream emotions can help real therapists treat patients 42 traumatic life events. In a study of 30 divorced adults, Cartwright tracked their dreams 43 a five-month period, she discovered those who were angriest at the spouse while dreaming had the best chance of successfully coping with divorce. A) deal with v. I) determine v. B) physically ad. J) sleep v./n. C) wake v./n. K) department n. D) performance n. L) conscious a. E) unconscious a. M) presentation n. F) undergoing 现分/a. /动名 N) linked 过分/a. G) experience v./n. O) emotionally ad. H) over prep./ad./ a./v.,42. 分词作定语，只有 F) undergoing,43. 介词，在时间名词前， 只有H）over,“If their dreams were bland,” Cartwright says, “they hadnt started to work through their emotions and 44 the divorce.” For therapists, this finding will help 45 if the divorced need counseling or have already dreamed their troubles away. A) deal with v. I) determine v. B) physically ad. J) sleep v./n. C) wake v./n. K) department n. D) performance n. L) conscious a. E) unconscious a. M) presentation n. F) undergoing 现分/a. /动名 N) linked 过分/a. G) experience v./n. O) emotionally ad. H) over prep./ad./ a./v.,44.前文有动词不定式，并列关系，动词原形 A) deal with,45. 动词原形或名词，if or 表选择，需要做决定，I) determine,本文的参考答案为： 36. L 37.D 38.N 39.K 40.J 41. O 42. F 43. H 44. A 45. I,Test Six P65,A) responsible I) compare B) reference J) method C) capacity K) find D) added L) ability E) indirect M) useful F) successful N) Basically G) combined O) Necessarily H) adopt,a,n,n,ed,a,a,ed,v,v,n,v,n,a,ad,ad,As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. The Accounts Department is 36 for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay. If a firm wants to 37 a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm decide on a 38 of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be 39 that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of those requirements is given a value, usually in “points”, which are 40 together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their 41 to solve problems. Due to the difficulty in measuring management work, job grades for managers are often decided without 42 to an evaluation system based on points.,In attempt to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should 43 the value of each job with these in the job market. 44 , payment for a job should vary with any difference in the way the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the work done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for 45 workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.,The Accounts Department is 36 for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.,A) responsible I) compare B) reference J) method C) capacity K) find D) added L) ability E) indirect M) useful F) successful N) Basically G) combined O) Necessarily H) adopt,此处缺少一个形容词性的成分，而且可以与for搭配 A. responsible,If a firm wants to 37 a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm decide on a 38 of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees.,A) responsible I) compare B) reference J) method C) capacity K) find D) added L) ability E) indirect M) useful F) successful N) Basically G) combined O) Necessarily H) adopt,37. 动词原形。1. compare 2. find 3. adopt H. adopt (根据意思）,38. 名词，而且可以与“a”搭配。 1. capacity 2. ability 3. reference 4. method J. method,In order to be 39 that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of those requirements is given a value, usually in “points”, which are 40 together to give a total value for the job.,A) responsible I) compare B) reference J) method C) capacity K) find D) added L) ability E) indirect M) useful F) successful N) Basically G) combined O) Necessarily H) adopt,形容词。useful/ successful/ indirect/ added/ combined. F. successful. (意思）,动词，ed形式。 added/ combined. （total:相加，总） D. added,For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their 41 to solve problems. Due to the difficulty in measuring management work, job grades for managers are often decided without 42 to an evaluation system based on points.,A) responsible I) compare B) reference J) method C) capacity K) find D) added L) ability E) indirect M) useful F) successful N) Basically G) combined O) Necessarily H) adopt,名词。(solve problem) : ability/capacity L. ability (capacity:理解，接受能力）,名词。 without reference to. B. reference,In attempt to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should 43 the value of each job with these in the job market. 44 , payment for a job should vary with any difference in the way the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the work done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for 45 workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.,A) responsible I) compare B) reference J) method C) capacity K) find D) added L) ability E) indirect M) useful F) successful N) Basically G) combined O) Necessarily H) adopt,动词(原形）。搭配with find/compare I. compare,状语。副词。Basically, Necessarily 必须地，（意思） O.,形容词（比较work done with hands) indirect,Test Seven,A) character I) recall B) practical J) similarly C) lose K) change D) expect L) popular E) professional M) individuality F) ordinary N) differently G) get O) inspire H) skill,Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so 36 in the United States? Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more 37 than civilian clothes. People have become conditioned to 38 superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to 39 more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the 40 of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to 41 professional identity than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many 42 benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of 43 experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without 44 , until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act 45 , on the job at least.,36. 形容词 (so) 37. 形容词 （more than) 38. 动词 （be conditioned to be sth 习惯于） 39. 动词（tends to do) 40. 名词（theof) 41. 动词 （to do) （step out of uniform) 42. 形容词 43. 名词（loss of ) (variety ) 44. 名词 （without ) (any particular type) 45. 副词 （alike),Test Eight P89,Nowadays, is it possible to tell a persons class just by looking at him? Physical details 36 tell us about health, diet and type of work done. A hundred years ago, the working classes very often looked unhealthy, small and were either too thin or too fat. The upper classes were often 37 , sporting types who were used to a good diet and looked healthy. Today living and working conditions have improved, and such 38 would no longer be so true. The clothes people choose to wear, however, do provide information about their 39 . The most obvious way is the amount of money spent on them. Expensive clothes look expensive and show their wearer is rich. Clothes can provide other 40 as well. The upper classes 41 to be less interested in fashion and wear good quality clothes in non-bright colors, made of natural material like wool, leather or cotton. Lower working class people often choose clothes in bright colors, made of man-made material. A sociological explanation for this would be that color and interest are missing from their lives, and therefore any opportunity to introduce this is 42 . Clothes are 43 at a price within most peoples reach. New clothes make the wearer feel good, and show some 44 of wealth to the outside world. Today some new fashions are started by the lower working class people who want to look 45 and feel important. They want people to look at them.,36. 副词 37.形容词 （small 相反) 38.名词 （such指代） 39.名词 40.名词 (information 相近） 41.动词 （与下一句lower, upper classes) 42. 动词 ed ( v opportunity) 动宾 43. 形容词 (reach) 44. 名词 (不可数，some) 45 形容词 (new fashions, feel important）,Test Nine P101,A) detection I) average B) developing J) shared C) reason K) monitor D) distributed L) results E) dramatically M) symbols F) including N) consequently G) symptoms O) common H) basis,It is the first question parents ask when their child is diagnosed with autism(自闭症). Will his future brothers or sisters have a higher risk of 36 it, too? According to the largest study of siblings in families with autism, the answer is yes. Among 664 children who had at least one older sibling with the developmental disorder, the 37 risk of autism was nearly 19%, 38 higher than previous sibling-recurrence estimates that were anywhere from 3% to 10%. Kids with more than one older autistic sibling had an even higher risk of the disorder:32%. The 39 suggest that genes play a key role in autism risk. But they also hint that other environmental factors 40 by siblings, like influences in the womb, may be important as well. On the 41 of the findings, the researchers recommend that doctors closely 42 younger siblings of autistic children to pick up any early signs of th