波士顿倾茶事件英语.ppt

Boston Tea Party,1 Background 1.1 Tea trade to 1767 1.2 Townshend duty crisis 2 Tea Act of 1773 3 Resisting the Tea Act 4 Standoff in Boston 5 Destruction of the tea 6 Reaction,Background,Arose from two issues facing the British Empire in 1773 1. the financial problems of the British East India Company 2. an ongoing dispute about the extent of Parliaments authority, if any, over the British American colonies without seating any elected representation. The North Ministrys attempt to resolve these issues produced a showdown that would eventually result in revolution.,Tea trade to 1767,As Europeans developed a taste for tea in the 17th century, rival companies were formed to import the product from China. In England, Parliament gave the East India Company a monopoly（垄断，专卖） on the importation of tea in 1698. When tea became popular in the British colonies, Parliament sought to eliminate(驱除) foreign competition by passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from Great Britain.,The East India Company did not export tea to the colonies; by law, the company was required to sell its tea wholesale （批发） at auctions in England. British firms bought this tea and exported it to the colonies, where they resold it to merchants in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston.,Until 1767, the East India Company paid an ad valorem tax (从价税)of about 25% on tea that it imported into Great Britain. Parliament laid additional taxes on tea sold for consumption in Britain. Britons and British Americans could buy smuggled Dutch tea at much cheaper prices.,In 1767, to help the East India Company compete with smuggled Dutch tea, Parliament passed the Indemnity Act（赔偿法案）. To help make up of this loss of government revenue, Parliament also passed the Townshend Revenue Act(税收法) of 1767, which started new taxes, including one on tea, in the colonies.,Townshend duty crisis(汤森责任危机),Some colonists objected to the new tax program, arguing that it went against British Constitution. British subjects could not be taxed without the consent of their elected representatives. According to Whigs, colonists could only be taxed by their own colonial assemblies. Colonial protests resulted in the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1765, but in the 1766 Declaratory Act(宣誓法案), Parliament continued to insist that it had the right .,Merchants organized a non-importation agreement, and many colonists pledged to abstain from drinking British tea. Prime Minister Lord North kept to assert “the right of taxing the Americans“. Parliament responded to the protests by repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770.,From 1771 to 1773, British tea was once again imported into the colonies in significant amounts, with merchants paying the Townshend duty of three pence per pound. Boston was the largest colonial importer of legal tea; smugglers still dominated the market in New York and Philadelphia.,Tea act of 1773,1.Parliament passed a new act in 1772 which drave up the price of tea and made the sales plummet a lot. By late 1772 the East India Companywas in a serious financial crisis.,Eliminating some of the taxes was one obvious solution to the crisis.,The East India Company initially sought to have the Townshend duty repealed, but the North ministry was unwilling because such an action might be interpreted as a retreat from Parliaments position that it had the right to tax the colonies.,Another possible solution was to sell it cheaply in Europe.,Then tea would simply be smuggled back into Great Britain, where it would undersell the taxed product. The best market was America.,The North ministrys solution was the Tea Act, which received the assent of King George on May 10, 1773.,The Tea Act retained the three pence Townshend duty on tea imported to the colonies. Even with the Townshend duty in effect, the Tea Act would allow the East India Company to sell tea more cheaply than before, undercutting the prices offered by smugglers.,Resisting the Tea Act In September and October 1773 , seven ships carrying East India Company tea were sent to the colonies: Boston(4) New York(1) Philadelphia(1) Charleston(1). （There were more than 2,000 chests of China tea which weighed nearly 600,000 pounds .） Result： In Boston ,342 chests of tea were destoryed. In NewYork,the ship went back to England with the tea because the consignees (收货人)had resigned. Also,the Philadelphia consignees had resigned and the tea ship returned to England with its cargo following a confrontation（对峙） with the ships captain. In Charleston, the consignees had been forced to resign and the unclaimed （无人认领）tea was seized by customs officials（海关）.,1. Whigs (辉格党) ,sometimes called themselves Sons of Liberty, began a campaign to raise awareness and to convince or force the consignees to resign, in the same way that stamp distributors(分配者) had been forced to resign in the 1765 Stamp Act crisis.,the reasons:,Samuel Adams the planner of this movement,The reason of the protest movement was not about high taxes.Instead of ,protestors concerned with a variety of other issues. The familiar “no taxation without representation“ argument, along with the question of the extent of Parliaments authority in the colonies, remained prominent.,2.Colonial merchants(some of them smugglers) firstly, the Tea Act made legally imported tea cheaper,then smugglers of Dutch tea will be out of business. secondly, the Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly（垄断） on the tea trade, protestors feard that monopoly might be extended .,4 Standoff in Boston,反抗的呼声达到了一个高潮。革命代表塞缪尔.亚当斯在南方举办了一场大会，就茶叶等问题与英方进行协商。但进展缓慢，直至倾茶事件发生。但也有人说会议只是个幌子，塞缪尔是为了引开守船的人开的会议。虽然后背证实为谬论，但这种说法已经十分流行了。,5.Destruction of the tea,While Samuel Adams tried to reassert control of the meeting, people poured out of the Old South Meeting House and headed to Boston Harbor. That evening, a group of 30 to 130 men, some of them thinly disguised as Mohawk Indians, boarded the three vessels and, over the course of three hours, dumped all 342 chests of tea into the water. The precise location of the Griffins Wharf site of the Tea Party has been subject to prolonged uncertainty; a comprehensive study places it near the foot of Hutchinson Street (todays Pearl Street).,五、毁茶,当塞缪尔.亚当斯试图重新控制会议的时候,人们已经离开了老南方会场，涌向了波士顿港。当晚,一个三组共约130人的组织,部分伪装成了莫西干印第安人, 登上了三艘船,在整整的三个小时里,倒掉了所有342箱子茶叶。由于时间过长，波士顿茶党活动的地点已不可考，但是一个最近的研究的声称其所在地在赫群森街附近(今天的珍珠街)。,倾茶,6. Reaction,In the colonies, Benjamin Franklin stated that the destroyed tea must be repaid, all 90,000 pounds (which, at two shillings per pound, comes to 9,000, or 888 thousand today). Robert Murr