《AWSD1.1介绍》PPT课件.ppt

AWS D1.1,AWS D1.1,American Welding Society (美国焊接协会) This code covers the welding requirements for any type of welded structure made from the commonly used carbon and low-alloy constructional steels. Clauses 1 through 8 constitute a body of rules for the regulation of welding in steel construction. There are nine normative and twelve informative annexes in this code. A Commentary of the code is included with the document. 本规范包含对常用碳素钢和低合金结构钢的任何类型结构的焊接要求。第1 章至第8 章构成了钢结构焊接规范条例的主体。规范中载有标准性附录9 则和信息性附录12 则。文件还包括对规范条文的说明。,AWS D1.1,1. General Requirements 总则 2. Design of Welded Connection. 焊接连接的设计 3. Prequalification of WPSs WPS 的免除评定 4. Qualification 评定 5. Fabrication 建造 6. Inspection 检验 7. Stud Welding 螺柱焊 8. Strengthening and Repair of Existing Structures 现有结构的补强与修理,5. Fabrication,5.1 范围 5.2 母材 5.3 焊接材料的要求 5.4 ESW和EGW方法 5.5 WPS 参数 5.6 预热和层间温度 5.7 调质钢的焊接热输入控制 5.8 消除应力热处理 5.9 衬垫、背部保护气体或嵌条 5.10 衬垫 5.11 焊接和切割设备 5.12 焊接环境 5.13 符合设计要求 5.14 最小角焊缝 5.15 母材的准备 5.16 凹角,5.17 梁的开槽口和焊缝的穿越孔 5.18 定位焊缝和结构辅助焊缝 5.19 组装部件的拱度 5.20 周期载荷结构的拼接 5.21 变形和收缩的控制 5.22 接头尺寸公差 5.23 焊接结构部件的尺寸公差 5.24 焊缝剖面外形 5.25 塞焊和槽焊技术 5.26 返修 5.27 锤击 5.28 捻缝 5.29 电弧击伤 5.30 焊缝清理 5.31 焊缝引弧板和引出板,AWS D1.1,5. Fabrication 5.26 Repairs 返修 The removal of weld metal or portions of the base metal may be done by machining, grinding, chipping, or gouging. It shall be done in such a manner that the adjacent weld metal or base metal is not nicked or gouged. Oxygen gouging shall not be used in quenched and tempered steel. Unacceptable portions of the weld shall be removed without substantial removal of the base metal. The surfaces shall be cleaned thoroughly before welding. Weld metal shall be deposited to compensate for any deficiency in size. 焊缝金属或部分母材的清除可用机加工、打磨、铲凿或刨槽的方法进行。清除必须这样：不在邻近焊缝金属或母材上造成缺口或槽痕。调质钢上严禁使用氧气刨槽。焊缝的不合格部分必须清除但不要伤及母材。焊接之前，必须彻底清洁表面。对于任何尺寸的不足必须熔敷焊缝金属加以补偿。,AWS D1.1,5. Fabrication 5.26 Repairs 返修 5.26.1 The contractor has the option of either repairing an unacceptable weld or removing and replacing the entire weld, except as modified by 5.26.3. The repaired or replaced weld shall be retested by the method originally used, and the same technique and quality acceptance criteria shall be applied. If the contractor elects to the weld, it shall be corrected as follows: 除按5.26.3 要求的修正外，承包商可以选择返修不合格的焊缝，或者清除整条焊缝而重焊。返修或重焊的焊缝必须按原方法再检测，并且使用同样的技术和质量合格判据。如果承包商选择返修焊缝，必须按如下要求进行：,AWS D1.1,5.26.1.1 Overlap, Excessive Convexity, or Excessive Reinforcement. 焊瘤、过分凸起或余高过大 Excessive weld metal shall be removed. 必须清除过量的焊缝金属。 5.26.1.2 Excessive Concavity of Weld or Crater, Undersize Welds, Undercutting. The surfaces shall be prepared (see 5.30) and additional weld metal deposited. 过分的焊缝内凹或弧坑，焊缝尺寸不足，咬边 必须对表面进行准备（见5.30），并熔敷补充的焊缝金属。,AWS D1.1,5.26.1.3 Incomplete Fusion, Excessive Weld Porosity, or Slag Inclusions 未融合，过多的焊缝气孔或夹渣 Unacceptable portions shall be removed (see 5.26) and rewelded. 清除不合格部分并重焊。,AWS D1.1,5.26.1.4 Cracks in Weld or Base Metal. The extent of the crack shall be ascertained by use of acid etching, MT, PT, or other equally positive means; the crack and sound metal 2 in. 50 mm beyond each end of the crack shall be removed, and rewelded. 焊缝或母材裂纹 应用酸蚀、磁粉检查、渗透检验或其他可靠的方法确定裂纹的范围；还应清除裂纹和超出裂纹每一端50mm的完好金属并重焊。,AWS D1.1,5.26.3 Engineers Approval. Prior approval of the Engineer shall be obtained for repairs to base metal, repair of major or delayed cracks, repairs to ESW and EGW with internal defects, or for a revised design to compensate for deficiencies. The Engineer shall be notified before welded members are cut apart. 工程师认可 母材的返修、重要的或延迟裂纹的返修、对有内部缺陷的电渣焊缝和气电焊缝的返修、或由于修改设计而对缺损处进行补偿返修，必须事先得到工程师的同意。割开焊接构件前必须通知工程师。,5.26.4 Inaccessibility of Unacceptable Welds. 难以返修的焊缝 If, after an unacceptable weld has been made, work is performed which has rendered that weld inaccessible or has created new conditions that make correction of the unacceptable weld dangerous or ineffectual, then the original conditions shall be restored by removing welds or members, or both, before the corrections are made. If this is not done, the deficiency shall be compensated for by additional work performed conforming to an approved revised design. 已经造成不合格焊缝后，如果由于工作结束而使该不合格焊缝难以接近，或者出现新的情况、给返修工作带来危险或不能返修成功，那么返修前就必须清除焊缝或构件，或两者都除去，以恢复原有条件。如果不进行这一工作，则必须按照得到认可的修改设计实施追加的工作来补偿该缺陷。,AWS D1.1,5.29 Arc Strikes 电弧击伤 Arc strikes outside the area of permanent welds should be avoided on any base metal. Cracks or blemishes caused by arc strikes shall be ground to a smooth contour and checked to ensure soundness. 对于任何母材都应避免在永久性焊缝区域以外引燃电弧。电弧击伤导致的裂纹或损伤必须打磨成光滑外形，并作检查以保证金属完好。,AWS D1.1,5.30 Weld Cleaning 焊缝清理 5.30.1 In-Process Cleaning 过程中的清理 Before welding over previously deposited metal, all slag shall be removed and the weld and adjacent base metal shall be cleaned by brushing or other suitable means. This requirement shall apply not only to successive layers but also to successive beads and to the crater area when welding is resumed after any interruption. It shall not, however, restrict the welding of plug and slot welds in conformance with 5.25. 在焊接覆盖前道熔敷金属以前，必须清除所有焊渣，同时焊缝及邻近的母材必须擦刷或用其他合适的方法清理干净。这一要求不仅必须实施于逐次的焊层，而且必须实施于逐次的焊道以及任何中断焊接对弧坑区域的清理。但按照5.25 要求进行的塞焊和槽焊必须不受此限制,AWS D1.1,5.30.2 Cleaning of Completed Welds. 完工焊缝的清理 Slag shall be removed from all completed welds, and the weld and adjacent base metal shall be cleaned by brushing or other suitable means. Tightly adherent spatter remaining after the cleaning operation is acceptable, unless its removal is required for the purpose of NDT. Welded joints shall not be painted until after welding has been completed and the weld accepted. 必须清除所有完工焊缝的焊渣，并必须将焊缝及邻近的母材刷干净或用其他适当方法清理。清理后仍牢固粘附的飞溅残余物允许留存，为了无损检测而必须清除者除外。直到焊接工作已经完成并且焊缝验收合格为止，严禁焊缝涂漆。,AWS D1.1,6 Inspection,Part A General Requirements Part B Contractor Responsibilities Part C Acceptance Criteria Part D NDT Procedures Part E Radiographic Testing (RT) Part F Ultrasonic Testing (UT) of Groove Welds Part G Other Examination Methods,AWS D1.1,6.1 Scope Clause 6 contains all of the requirements for the Inspectors qualifications and responsibilities, acceptance criteria for discontinuities, and procedures for NDT. 第6 章包括对检验人员的资格评定与职责的所有要求，缺陷的验收准则，以及无损检测（NDT）工艺,Part A General Requirements,AWS D1.1,Part B Contractor Responsibilities,6.6.1 Contractor Responsibilities.承包商责任 6.6.2 Inspector Requests.检验员要求 6.6.3 Engineering Judgment.工程判断 6.6.4 Specified NDT Other than Visual.除目检外规定的NDT 6.6.5 Nonspecified NDT Other than Visual.除目检外未规定NDT,AWS D1.1,Part C Acceptance Criteria,6.7 Scope Acceptance criteria for visual and NDT inspection of tubular connections and statically and cyclically loaded nontubular connections are described in Part C. The extent of examination and the acceptance criteria shall be specified in the contract documents on information furnished to the bidder. C 部分述及管材连接以及静荷载和周期荷载的非管材连接的外观检验和NDT 的验收判据，检查的范围和验收判据必须根据提供给投标者的资料在合同文本中规定。,AWS D1.1,Part C Acceptance Criteria,6.9 Visual Inspection All welds shall be visually inspected and shall be acceptable if the criteria of Table 6.1 are satisfied. 所有焊缝必须目检，且如满足表6.1 所列的条件即必须认为合格。,AWS D1.1,Part C Acceptance Criteria,6.10 PT and MT Welds that are subject to MT and PT, in addition to visual inspection, shall be evaluated on the basis of the applicable requirements for visual inspection. The testing shall be performed in conformance with 6.14.4 or 6.14.5,whichever is applicable. 除进行目检外还需进行磁粉检测和液体渗透检测的焊缝，必须在目检合格要求的基础上进行评定。两种检测必须符合6.14.4 或6.14.5 的适用条款的要求,AWS D1.1,Part C Acceptance Criteria,6.11 NDT Except as provided for in 6.18, all NDT methods including equipment requirements and qualifications, personnel qualifications, and operating methods shall be in conformance with Section 6, Inspection. Acceptance criteria shall be as described in this section. Welds subject to NDT shall have been found acceptable by visual inspection in conformance with 6.9. 除6.18 的内容外，所有NDT 方法，包括设备要求和鉴定，人员资格评定和操作方法，均必须符合第6 章的规定。验收判据必须按本章的规定。需作无损检测的焊缝必须先按6.9 规定目检合格。,AWS D1.1,Part C Acceptance Criteria,6.11 NDT For welds subject to NDT in conformance with 6.10, 6.11, 6.12.3, and 6.13.3, the testing may begin immediately after the completed welds have cooled to ambient temperature. Acceptance criteria for ASTM A 514, A 517, and A 709 Grade 100 and 100W steels shall be based on NDT performed not less than 48 hours after completion of the welds. 根据6.10，6.11，6.12.1 和6.13.3 要求作无损检测的焊缝，可以在完工焊缝冷却至环境温度后立即开始检测。对ASTM A514、A517 钢和A709 100 及100W 级钢，则规定必须在焊缝完工后至少48小时才能按对这些钢的验收判据作无损检测。,AWS D1.1,Part C Acceptance Criteria,6.11.1 Tubular Connection Requirements. For CJP groove butt welds welded from one side without backing, the entire length of all completed tubular production welds shall be examined by either RT or UT. The acceptance criteria shall conform to 6.12.3 or 6.13.3 as applicable. 对无衬垫、从一面焊接的CJP 坡口接焊缝，对完工的管材产品焊缝的全长必须用射线或超声波检测进行检查。验收判据必须符合6.12.1 或6.13.3 中适用者。,AWS D1.1,Part D NDT Procedures,6.14 Procedures 工艺 The NDT procedures as described in this code have been in use for many years and provide reasonable assurance of weld integrity; however, it appears that some users of the code incorrectly consider each method capable of detecting all unacceptable discontinuities. Users of the code should become familiar with all the limitations of NDT methods to be used, particularly the inability to detect and characterize planar discontinuities with specific orientations. (The limitations and complementary use of each method are explained in the latest edition of AWS B1.10, Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Welds.) 本规范所述无损检测（NDT）工艺已使用多年，并且对焊缝完好性提供了合理的保证；然而看起来有些规范使用者不正确地认为每一种方法都能检测所有不合格的不连续性。规范使用者应当熟谙每一种所用的无损检测方法的局限性，尤其是无法探测并确定具有特定危害性取向的平面不连续性。（在AWS B1.10 焊缝无损检查指南的最新版中阐明了每一种方法的限定及补充使用）。,AWS D1.1,Part D NDT Procedures,6.14.1 RT: When RT is used, the procedure and technique shall be in conformance with Part E of this section. 当使用射线照相检测时，其工艺和技术必须符合本章E 部分的要求 6.14.3 UT: When UT is used, the procedure and technique shall be in conformance with Part F of this section. 当使用超声波检测时，其工艺和技术必须符合本章F 部分的要求。,AWS D1.1,Part D NDT Procedures,6.14.4 MT. When MT is used, the procedure and technique shall be in conformance with ASTM E 709, and the standard of acceptance shall be in conformance with Section 6, Part C, of this code, whichever is applicable. 当使用磁粉检测时，其工艺和技术必须符合ASTM E709 的规定，而合格标准则必须符合本规范第6 章C 部分的要求，取其适用者。,AWS D1.1,Part D NDT Procedures,6.14.5 PT. For detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface, PT may be used. The standard methods set forth in ASTM E 165 shall be used for PT inspection, and the standards of acceptance shall be in conformance with Section 6, Part C, of this code, whichever is applicable. 当探测表面开口的不连续性时，可以使用着色渗透检测。根据适用情况，必须将ASTM E165 中规定的标准方法用于着色渗透检测，而合格标准应符合本规范第6 章C 部分适用规定的要求。,AWS D1.1,6.14.6 Personnel Qualification 人员资格评定 6.14.6.1 ASNT Requirements. Personnel performing NDT other than visual shall be qualified in conformance with the current edition of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A. Individuals who perform NDT shall be qualified for: (1) NDT Level II, or (2) NDT Level I working under the NDT Level II,Part D NDT Procedures,AWS D1.1,Part D NDT Procedures,6.15 Extent of Testing 检验范围 6.15.1 Full Testing. 完全检验 Weld joints requiring testing by contract specification shall be tested for their full length, unless partial or spot testing is specified. 除规定作局部检测或抽检外，按照合同技术规定要求检测的焊缝接头必须全长度检测,AWS D1.1,6.15.2 Partial Testing. 局部抽检 When partial testing is specified, the location and lengths of welds or categories of weld to be tested shall be clearly designated in the contract documents. 当规定作局部检测时，必须在合同文本中清晰地标明待检测的焊缝部位和长度，或者待检测焊缝的类别,Part D NDT Procedures,AWS D1.1,6.15.3 Spot Testing. 抽检 When spot testing is specified, the number of spots in each designated category of welded joint to be tested in a stated length of weld or a designated segment of weld shall be included in the information furnished to the bidders. Each spot test shall cover at least 4 in. 100 mm of the weld length. 当规定作抽检时，必须在提供给投标者的资料中包括下述要求：在焊缝的规定长度内或者标明的一段焊缝上，每一标明范围的待检测焊接接头上确定检测部位数目。每一抽检部位必须至少包括4in. 100mm 长的焊缝,Part D NDT Procedures,AWS D1.1,6.15.3 Spot Testing. 抽检 When spot testing reveals indications of unacceptable discontinuities that require repair, the extent of those discontinuities shall be explored. Two additional spots in the same segment of weld joint shall be taken at locations away from the original spot. The location of the additional spots shall be agreed upon between the Contractor and the verification Inspector. 当抽检显示有需作返修的不合格不连续性时，必须仔细检查这些不连续性的范围。还必须在离开原抽检不合格的部位的相同焊段上另处增加2 个抽检部位。增加的抽检位置必须由承包商和监造检验员共同商定。,Part D NDT Procedures,AWS D1.1,Part D NDT Procedures,6.15.4 Relevant Information. NDT personnel shall, prior to testing, be furnished or have access to relevant information regarding weld joint geometries, material thicknesses, and welding processes used in making the weldment. NDT personnel shall be apprised of any subsequent repairs to the weld. 在作检测前，必须向NDT 人员提供、或使他们有途径得到有关焊缝接头的几何形状、材料厚度和用以制作该焊件的焊接方法等相关资料。并必须向NDT 人员通报任何后续的焊缝返修的情况。,AWS D1.1,Part D NDT Procedures,When either of the two additional spots show defects that require repair, the entire segment of weld represented by the original spot shall be completely tested. If the weld involves more than one segment, two additional spots in each segment shall be tested at locations agreed upon by the Contractor and the verification Inspector, subject to the foregoing interpretation. 如果增加的两抽检部位中有一个显示有需要返修的缺陷，则必须对原抽检部位所代表的整个焊段进行检测。如焊缝包括一个以上的焊段，则必须对每一焊段增加二个抽检部位进行检测，其位置亦由承包商与监造检验员商定，并按上述说明处理,AWS D1.1,Part E Radiographic Testing (RT),ASTM E 94：Standard Recommended Practice for Radiographic Testing(射线检测推荐标准方法) ASTM E 142：Standard Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing, (射线检测质量控制标准方法) ASTM E 747：Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing Using Wire Penetrameters, (使用线型像质计的射线检测质量控制) ASTM E 1032：Radiographic Examination of Weldments.(焊件的射线检测),6.17 RT Procedures,6.17.3 Removal of Reinforcement. 6.17.3.1 Tabs(引弧板). Weld tabs shall be removed prior to RT unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. 除非工程师同意，否则焊缝引、熄弧板必须在射线照相检测前除去 6.17.3.2 Steel Backing(衬垫). When required by 5.10 or other provisions of the contract documents, steel backing shall be removed, and the surface shall be finished flush by grinding prior to RT. Grinding shall be as described in 5.24.3.1. 5.10 或合同文本的其他条款要求使用的钢衬垫必须除去，表面必须在射线照相前打磨齐平。打磨必须按5.24.4.1 所述要求。,6.17.3.3 Reinforcement. When weld reinforcement or backing, or both, is not removed, or wire IQI alternate placement is not used, steel shims which extend at least 1/8 in. 3 mm beyond three sides of the required holetype IQI or wire IQI shall be placed under the hole-type IQI or wire IQI, so that the total thickness of steel between the hole-type IQI and the film is approximately equal to the average thickness of the weld measured through its reinforcement and backing. 当焊缝余高、或衬垫、或两者都不除去时，或线型像质计不以另外的方式放置，则必须在孔型像质计或线型像质计下放置钢质补偿垫片，使得孔型像质计与底片之间的钢质被偿垫片的总厚度大致等于包括余高和衬垫板厚度在内的焊缝的平均厚度，补偿垫片至少要比所用孔型像质计或线型像质计的三个边超出 1/8 in. 3mm,6.17.4 Radiographic Film. Radiographic film shall be as described in ASTM E 94. Lead foil screensshall be used as described in ASTM E 94. Fluorescent screens shall be prohibited. 射线照相胶片必须符合ASTM E94 所述要求。必须按ASTM E94 所述使用铅箔增感屏，严禁用萤光增感屏,6.17.5 Technique. 6.17.5.1 Geometric Unsharpness.(几何不清晰度) Gamma ray sources, regardless of size, shall be capable of meeting the geometric unsharpness limitation of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Article 2. 6.17.5.2 Source-to-Subject Distance.(射线源至工件的距离) The sourceto-subject distance shall not be less than the total length of film being exposed in a single plane. 放射源至工件的距离严禁小于在单平面上曝光的底片总长度。,6.17.5.3 Source-to-Subject Distance Limitations. 射线源至工件距离的限制 The source-to-subject distance shall not be less than seven times the thickness of weld plus reinforcement and backing, if any, nor such that the inspecting radiation shall penetrate any portion of the weld represented in the radiograph at an angle greater than 26-1/2 from a line normal to the weld surface. 放射源至工件的距离严禁小于焊缝厚度加上余高和衬垫的7倍，且穿透被检验焊缝的射线与焊缝表面的垂线所成角度严禁大于26.5。,6.17.7 IQI Selection and Placement.,6.17.8 Technique. 6.17.8.1 Film Length. (胶片长度) Film shall have sufficient length and shall be placed to provide at least 1/2 in. 12 mm of film beyond the projected edge of the weld. 胶片必须有足够长度，并且其放置必须超出焊缝投影边至少 1/2 in.12mm,6.17.8.2 Overlapping Film. (胶片搭接) Welds longer than 14 in. 350 mm may be radiographed by overlapping film cassettes and making a single exposure, or by using single film cassettes and making separate exposures. The provisions of 6.17.5 shall apply 长度超过14 in. 350mm的焊缝的射线照相，可以将底片暗盒搭接起来作一次曝光，或用单个底片暗盒分别曝光。必须符合6.17.5 的要求。,6.17.8.3 Backscatter. (背散射) To check for backscatter radiation, a lead symbol “B,” 1/2 in. 12 mm high, 1/16 in. 2 mm thick shall be attached to the back of each film cassette. If the “B” image appears on the radiograph, the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. 为检测背散射，应将一个高12mm，厚2mm的铅字“B”放在每一底片暗盒的背面。如在射线底片上出现“B”的图像，则应判定射线底片不合格。,6.17.9 Film Width. Film widths shall be sufficient to depict all portions of the weld joint, including the HAZs, and shall provide sufficient additional space for the required hole-type IQIs or wire IQI and film identification without infringing upon the area of interest in the radiograph. 底片应有足够的宽度，以拍摄包括热影响区在内的焊接接头的所有部分，且应另外有足够的地方放置所需的孔型或线型像质计及底片记号。,6.17.10 Quality of Radiographs. All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to the extent that they cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest in the radiograph. Such blemishes include, but are not limited to the following: (1) fogging 灰雾 (2) processing defects such as streaks, water marks, or chemical stains诸如条纹、水迹或化学污染等处理过程的缺陷,(3) scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges, or tears 划痕、指印、皱纹、污迹、静电击痕、斑痕或撕裂 (4) loss of detail due to poor screen-to-film contact 因增感屏与底片不够密贴而导致的不清晰 (5) false indications due to defective