句子翻译的基本技巧.ppt

汉英翻译,句子翻译,语序的调整 语态的转换 连动句的英译 兼语式的英译 “把”字句的英译,通常形态变化越多的语言，语序越灵活，反 之亦然。 英语： 有曲折变化，借助形态标志及语序表达，语序较汉语灵活 句法重形合，强调句法结构，构建形式主轴，主语极其重要，主谓关系必须明确 汉语： 无曲折变化，依靠语序和虚词作为语法手段表示语法关系 句法重意合，强调语义结构，构建意念主轴，主语不易识别,英语：主语-谓语 SV He runs fast. SVC He is a student. SVO He teaches English. SVOC He painted the wall white. SVOO He gave me a book.,汉语：主题-述题/话题-说明 警察抓住了小偷 文章总算完成了。 老虎是一种危险的动物。 下雪了。 去年建了一所学校。 全市都在兴建新的住宅。 一把菜刀闹革命。 这么快就盖好了一座房子。 处处有热心人。 这件事请多关照。,语序实际上是人们思维方式的反应。 不同的民族看待事物的方式不同，思维模式不同，对同一客观事物有着不同的语言表达顺序。 东方： 讲求天人合一、主客观统一，重知觉、感悟、体验，重经验 语言上不重主体，重主题，讲求形合 西方： 强调自我，重视科学和逻辑 语言上重主体，重形合，重规则,汉英语序对比,汉语 逆线性扩展 倒金字塔式 前置式,英语 顺线性扩展 金字塔式 前置/后置式,村西头的张大妈来了，受坏人欺骗的村民们也来了。 There came Aunt Zhang who dwelt at the western end of the village, and also came the villagers who had been deceived by the scoundrel. 去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月。 He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year.,中国湖北省黄石市磁湖路11号 11 Cihu Road, Huangshi City, Hubei Province, China 股东大会将于10月28日上午9点举行。 The general meeting of shareholders will be held at 9 oclock on the morning of Oct. 28.,1. 状语的调整,汉语： 状语在谓语之前 时间-地点-方式-中心词 从大到小 状语从句习惯置于句首 英语： 状语在谓语之后 中心词-方式-地点-时间 从小到大 状语从句位置灵活,她温柔地点了点头 She nodded in a tendered way. 我每天早上在室外高声朗读英语。 I read English aloud in the open every morning. 我们每天晚上在宿舍里用英语热烈地讨论各种话题。 We discuss various topics animatedly in English every night in our dorm.,2. 定语的调整,这是伟大光荣的三十年。 These are thirty great and glorious years. 一个国际经济新秩序已经建立起来了。 A new international economic order has been established. 中国古代文化 ancient Chinese culture 年轻有为的人 a promising young man,2. 定语的调整,开关往往装在房门旁的墙上。 An electrical switch is often on a wall near the door of a room. 出版社决定推迟出版几部可能引起争议的小说。 The publisher decided to postpone the publication of several novels likely to cause controversy.,2. 定语的调整,修完这门课程的24名学生是该实验的组成部分。 The 24 students who completed the course were part of the experiment. 谁笑到最后，谁笑得最美。 He laughs best who laughs last.,3. 主语的确立,汉语： 主题-述题/话题-说明 多人称主语 英语 主-谓结构 多物称主语,被动结构 你的来信已经收到。 Your letter has been received. 去年发明了一种新型洗衣机。 A new type of washing machine was invented last year. 这儿将修建一个一流的水族馆。 A first-class aquarium will be built here.,存在句 房间里有一张书桌。 There is a desk in the room. 山顶上矗立着一座城堡。 There stands a castle on the top of the mountain. 我的脑海里出现了一个正在哭泣的年轻女孩的模样。 There rose in my imagination a young girl, bitterly weeping.,添加主语 it 下雨了。 It is raining. 无证驾驶是违法的。 Its illegal to drive without a license. 学校离家很远。 Its very far away from my home to the school.,添加主语 it 我从来没有想到他是个伪君子。 It never occurred to me that he was a hypocrite.,添加主语 其他类型主语 读书可以增长知识。 One can acquire knowledge through reading. 学习外语有很多困难。 We have many difficulties in learning a foreign language.,添加主语 其他类型主语 在降低农业成本的同时，还采取措施以增加农民的收入。 While lowering the cost of the farming, the government has also taken measures to increase farmers income.,物称主语 汉语中多人称主语，英语中多物称主语。 英语中人称主语更口语化，物称主语则常出现在书面语中。 If you take this medicine, you will feel better. This medicine will make you feel better.,物称主语 取汉语动词性成分做主语 我一想到马上就能见到阔别已久的朋友，心理高兴极了。 The very thought of meeting my long-parted friend filled me with joy. 她看见那个洋娃娃就笑了。 The very sight of the doll made her smile.,物称主语 取汉语形容词性成分做主语 懒惰的人不会成功。 Laziness makes success impossible. 儿子考试不及格，他非常生气，结果就和妻子吵了起来。 His anger over the boys failure in the exam led him to quarrel with his wife.,物称主语 取汉语名词性成分做主语 一个星期前我就遇上了一件最不可思议的事情。 The most unbelievable thing happened to me a week ago. 他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。 A dark stain on the carpet caught his eye.,物称主语 取汉语副词性成分做主语 因为天气太糟，我们未能成行。 Bad weather caused us to cancel our trip. 他有犯罪史，不能上大学。 His criminal record disqualified him from being admitted to college.,物称主语 取时间、地点做主语 夜幕降临时，他离预定的布道地点还有好多英里路。 Nightfall found him many miles short of his appointed preaching place. 过去的几年苏州经济发展很快。 The last few years have witnessed a great development in Suzhous economy.,物称主语 取时间、地点做主语 在南京城发生过许多重大的历史事件。 Nanjing witnessed many great historic events.,Practice,集邮，他最在行。 每天夜里都要有人值班。 实在太可笑了。 爱美是自然的。 他们对市场经济一无所知，他们公司因而蒙受了很大的损失。 1989年中国成功地发射了第一枚洲际导弹。 这部小说主要采用的是意识流的手法。,Practice,集邮，他最在行。 He is an expert in stamp collecting. 每天夜里都要有人值班。 There must be a person on night duty. 实在太可笑了。 Its absurd. 爱美是自然的。 It is natural for people to admire the beautiful.,Practice,他们对市场经济一无所知，他们公司因而蒙受了很大的损失。 Their ignorance of the market economy brought huge losses to their company. 1989年中国成功地发射了第一枚洲际导弹。 1989 saw the successful launching of Chinas first intercontinental guided missile. 这部小说主要采用的是意识流的手法。 Stream of consciousness is the main technique used in this novel.,主动与被动,汉语的被动 有形式标志的被动 受、挨、遭、由、被、给、叫、让、为所、被所 他受到热烈欢迎。 我可不想挨骂。 计划给打乱了。 两人的活叫你一人给干完了。 为表面现象所迷惑。,主动与被动,汉语的被动 无形式标志的被动 仓库锁起来了。 枣红马牵出去了。 文章写好了。 信已经寄出去了。 总的来说，汉语较少使用被动句。,主动与被动,英语的被动 结构：be done 什么时候使用： 不知道施动者 不关心施动者 回避提到施动者：回避、礼貌 强调施动者 行文需要,主动与被动,英语的被动 文体： 科技文章 报刊文章 官方文章,任何企业都可以以合伙的方式经营。 Any business may be operated as a partnership. 会议什么时候开？ When will the meeting be held? 然而， 这一大套法律在会员国很少执行。 Little of the vast body of law is, however, implemented in the member states. 他昨晚在一家剧院遇刺身亡。 He was assassinated in a theatre last night.,逻辑上的被动,这份计划书是王磊提供的。 This plan was provided by Wang Lei. 彩虹是阳光穿过大气层中的小水滴形成的。 Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the air envelop. 我的前三十年是在祖国西部度过的。 My first thirty years were spent in the west part of my motherland.,是的,家家屋顶上都装了供接收电视信号的自制天线。 A self-made antenna is installed on the roof of every house for receiving television signals. 应该教育青少年讲真话。 Teenagers should be taught to speak the truth.,无主句,据了解，这个地区有丰富的自然资源。 The area is known to be rich in natural resources. 有人看见她从办公室里走出来。 She was seen to go out of the office. 人们总是希望生活将会越来越好。 It is long hoped that the life will become better and better.,据/必须/有人/大家/人们,有人深信那件事是真的。 It is genuinely believed that that was true. 应该说，在现行的学校课程设置中英语是一门重要的科目。 It should be said that English is an important subject in the current curriculum.,据/必须/有人/大家/人们,大火几乎把这座高大建筑物夷为平地。 The tall building has been practically leveled to the ground by the big fire. 飞机把这种草籽大量地撒播在地上。 The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by airplane.,“把”字句,汉译英时，是否译成被动句，需考虑所选英语动词的特点、习惯用法以及上下文关系。 我们的计划在审议中。 Our plan is under review. 这部剧将很快上演。 The play will be on show soon. 你的钢笔写起来很流畅。 Your pen writes smoothly. 英语很难学。 English is difficult to learn.,汉译英时，是否译成被动句，需考虑所选英语动词的特点、习惯用法以及上下文关系。 有很多事要做。 There are many things to do. 这本书值得读。 The book is worth reading. 今天的报纸看了没有啊？ Have you read todays newspaper? 他出现在台上，观众给予热烈的掌声。 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.,Practice,请来宾吧大衣放在衣帽间里。 希望你有机会来中国访问 这个练习要做吗？ 知识分子问题就是在这样的基础上提出来的。 他为环境所迫，最终辞去了职务。 口试时，问了十个问题，她全都答对了。 函件无法投递时，务必退换原主。 工业城市的空气常被污染，但农村地区却完全不是这样，那儿很少见到公害现象。,Practice,请来宾把大衣放在衣帽间里。 Visitors are requested to leave their coats in the cloakroom. 希望你有机会来中国访问。 It is hoped that you will have a chance to visit China. 这个练习要做吗？ Shall we do this exercise? 知识分子问题就是在这样的基础上提出来的。 On such a basis has the question of the intellectuals been raised.,Practice,他为环境所迫，最终辞去了职务。 He was forced by the circumstances to resign from his position. 口试时，问了十个问题，她全都答对了。 She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and answered every one of them correctly. 函件无法投递时，务必退换原主。 In case of non delivery, letters must be returned to the senders.,Practice,工业城市的空气常被污染，但农村地区却完全不是这样，那儿很少见到公害现象。 Air in industrial cities is often polluted, but in rural areas things are totally different, where public pollution is rarely seen.,连动句英译,连动句：两个或两个以上的动词共一个主语的句子。 并列式连动句：动词表示动作间的先后或同时关系 从属式连动句：动词之间有多种逻辑关系 目的、方式、条件、因果、对象,并列式,他每天都会客赴宴。 他把书接过来放在膝盖上。 那天晚上，王教授去了他家，并和他谈了话。 他打开抽屉拿出辞典来。 见到有客人来，这个小孩赶紧站起来躲在沙发背后。,并列式,他每天都会客赴宴。 He receives visitors and attends dinner parties as a routine. 他把书接过来放在膝盖上。 He took the book and laid it on his lap. 那天晚上，王教授去了他家，并和他谈了话。 That evening, Professor Wang went to his house and talked with him.,并列式,他打开抽屉拿出辞典来。 Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary. 见到有客人来，这个小孩赶紧站起来躲在沙发背后。 On seeing the guest, the boy jumped hurriedly to his feet and hid behind the sofa.,从属式,百分之九十的董事投票赞成任命史蒂夫为总经理。 去年我回家看望亲戚。 我们应当起来捍卫真理。 不久他捧着那本书回来了。 王老师端着一把新椅子，喜气洋洋地穿过校园。,从属式,百分之九十的董事投票赞成任命史蒂夫为总经理。 Ninety percent of the directors voted to accept the proposal to appoint Steve to the presidency. 去年我回家看望亲戚。 Last year I went to my hometown to visit my relatives. 我们应当起来捍卫真理。 We should come forward in defense of truth.,从属式,不久他捧着那本书回来了。 Very soon he came back holding that book in his hand. 王老师端着一把新椅子，喜气洋洋地穿过校园。 Professor Wang was making his jubilant way through the school grounds with a new chair held in both hands.,Practice,一只兔子飞似地跑来，一头碰在树干上，折断了脖子，当场咽了气。 他去老师那儿请个假。 他回家取伞。 她站在门口笑。 她请假坐飞机回家探亲去了。,Practice,一只兔子飞似地跑来，一头碰在树干上，折断了脖子，当场咽了气。 A rabbit dashed over. It ran into a trunk, broke its neck and died on the spot. 他去老师那儿请个假。 He went to the teacher to ask for a leave. 他回家取伞。 He went back to his room for the umbrella.,Practice,她站在门口笑。 She stood at the door, grinning. 她请假坐飞机回家探亲去了。 She has asked for leave to go home by air to see her family.,兼语句的英译,前一个动词的宾语是后一个动词的主语。 弟弟让我帮他写作业。 老师批评他做事马虎。 我们都劝他戒烟。 我劝你少管闲事。,兼语句的英译,SVOC: 使、叫、让、请、劝、派、催、要求、命令、请求、迫使、引诱、号召、鼓励、促进、动员、禁止、防止、阻挠 我们都劝他戒烟。 We all advised him to give up smoking. 地震使所有的房子都成了废墟。 The earthquake reduced all the houses to ruins.,兼语句的英译,SVOC: 使、叫、让、请、劝、派、催、要求、命令、请求、迫使、引诱、号召、鼓励、促进、动员、禁止、防止、阻挠 他们组织工人加入了工会。 They have organized the workers into trade unions. 几乎所有人都希望他倒霉。 Almost everybody wished him ill.,兼语句的英译,SVOC: 使、叫、让、请、劝、派、催、要求、命令、请求、迫使、引诱、号召、鼓励、促进、动员、禁止、防止、阻挠、感官动词 他们任命他为委员会主席。 They appointed him chairman of the committee. 她觉得房子在摇动。 She felt the house shaking.,兼语句的英译,状语: 责怪、埋怨、批评、表扬 评论家们批评这位作家没有真实地反映生活。 The critics criticized the author because he failed to present a true picture of life in his works. 她责备孩子迟迟不回家。 She blamed her child for staying out late.,兼语句的英译,习惯用语 小姐，我劝你少管闲事。 Young lady, you had better mind your own business. 您叫我去哪儿？ Where can I go?,Practice:,老师表扬他有勇气。 他们谴责他的和平努力为背叛。 他希望自己的儿子成为爱迪生或华盛顿那样的人。 我们不能强迫人们接受我们的观点。 我写信要他马上回来。 我讨厌他穿红衬衣。,Practice:,老师表扬他有勇气。 The teacher praised him for his courage. 他们谴责他的和平努力为背叛。 They condemned his peace efforts as betrayal. 他希望自己的儿子成为爱迪生或华盛顿那样的人。 He wished his son to be an Edison or a Washington.,Practice:,我们不能强迫人们接受我们的观点。 We cannot compel people to accept our viewpoint. 我写信要他马上回来。 I wrote to him to come at once. 我讨厌他穿红衬衣。 I dislike him wearing a red shirt.,“把”字句英译,汉语的“把”字句是指在结构上用特殊介词“把”字将宾语引出，放在谓语动词之前而构成的一种汉语特有的句型。 处置意义 致使意义 把甲当作乙 带双宾语 表示动作场所和范围 祈使意义,处置意义 他们还没有把计划做好。 致使意义 这次旅行把他累坏了。 把甲当作乙 别把我当成外人。 带双宾语 我把信交给他了。,表示动作场所和范围 他把抽屉翻了个遍。 祈使意义 把门打开。,处置意义,SVOC 他的助理已经让人把讲稿准备好了。 His assistant has already had the lecture prepared. 他们还没有把计划做好。 They havent got the plan ready.,处置意义,SVOA 他把梯子靠墙竖着。 He stood the ladder against the wall. 千万要把药片放到小孩找不到的地方。 Be sure to put the tablets where the child cannot find them.,致使意义,把+宾语+忙、累、急、气、吓+补语 这次旅行把他累坏了。 The journey tired him out. 你怎么来的这么晚，真把人急疯了。 Why are you so late? We were worried sick. 隆隆的雷声把孩子们吓坏了。 The children were frightened to death by the rumbling of the thunder.,把甲当作乙,汉语：把甲当作、作为、说成、看成乙 英语：动词+宾