GCT-ME英语词汇讲解.doc

第 一 部分 GCT-ME英语词汇讲解第一节 词汇选择题的命题特点工程硕士研究生入学考试规定，词汇及用法的专项考题为10个，每个2分，共20分。命题形式为单项选择，题干下有A, B, C, D 四个备选项，要求考生根据题干选出一个最正确的答案。第二节 词汇考试的设计特点（一）检测形近词的辨析及运用能力 (1). In the theatre that actors are very _ to the reaction of the audience.A. sensible B. sensitive C. emotional D. positive (2). The boy has been warned time and again that reading in the strong sunlight will _ his eyesight, but he just wont listen. A. effect B. attract C. effort D. affect (3). The ship set sail after all the crew came on _.A. aboard B. abroad C. board D. broad (4). The driver _ abruptly as he saw an old man crossing the road.A. broke B. brooked C. braked D. bred (5). On hearing the news that our volleyball team won the championship, he _ from the chair and cheered in joy.A. stood B. lifted C. raised D. rose （二）检测对同义词或近义词的辩义及运用能力 (1). Mary was so weakened by the disease that she could _ stand up. A. almost B. barely C. nearly D. scantily (2). All understood what the teacher meant _ Mr. Lee.A. besides B. except C. beside D. except that (3). Poor as she is, it is beneath her to _.A. steal B. rob C. perform D. execute (4). The teacher said that the pupils must be _ during the study-hour. A. calm B. still C. quiet D. soundless (5). There are some _ flowers on the meeting room.A. unnatural B. unreal C. false D. artificial （三）检测考生对由各种词类构成的词组及短语的认知与运用的能力(1). The _ with the project in spite of the difficulties in the course.A. carried off B. carried out C. carried on D. carried forward (2). Of course, the children look unhealthy. Their mother cant afford to _ them _ decent meals, not to speak meat and fish regularly. A. fed . on B. feed . on C. grew . on D. grow . on (3). During the past few years the prices have _ by nearly 10%.A. gone up B. grew up C. got up D. put up (4). Yesterday night we had several guests visit us, we had to _ until 3.A. put up B. set up C. sat up D. stayed up (5). Mrs. Smith went on a diet and in two months _ her weight to 100 pounds.A. brought out B. brought off C. brought down D. brought up（四）检测介词与其它词语搭配的运用能力(1). He has accumulated much experience _ practical engineering.A. of B. in C. on D. at (2). The cause _ he has been fighting all his life now seems meaningless at all. A. at which B. after which C. for which D. with which (3). It is said that he is at home _ several languages, and can communicate fluently without difficulty. A. with B. to C. at D. in (4). The company held a magnificent party in honor _ the respectable guests. A. of B. with C. for D. about (5). It is the driver, not the pedestrian, who should be responsible _ the traffic accident. A. for B. by C. to D. on 第三节 突破词汇关一、构词法-able, -ible: 形容词后缀，表示“不能的”，如: readable, curable, respectable, responsible, movableim-, in-, il-, ir- : 形容词前缀，表示“不，非”，否定后面根词的意义，如：impossible, immoral, improper, inappropriate, inconsiderable, incomparable, illegal, illogical, irregular, illiterate, irrational, irrelevanten-, -en: 动词前或后缀，表示“使 ”，如：enlarge, encourage, enable; widen, threaten, redden-ship：抽象名词后缀，表示“性质或状态”，如：friendship, hardship, statesmanship, leadership 常用构词法的词根、词缀供大家学习，以利记忆单词： astro- 星的astronomy（天文学），astrology（占星术）audi- 听auditorium（礼堂），audible（能听到的）bio- 生物的biochemistry（生物化学），biology（生物学）cent- 百centimeter（厘米），centigram（厘克）claim-, clam- 叫喊proclaim（宣布，声明），exclaim（呼喊，惊叫）cosm- 宇宙，世界cosmos（宇宙），cosmic（宇宙的）cycl- 圆，环bicycle（自行车），cyclone（龙卷风）geo- 地球，土地geography（地理学），geology（地质学）hydra- 水的hydraulic（水力的），hydrant（消防栓）lingu- 语言的linguist（语言学家），bilingual（双语的）liter- 文字，字母literate（识字的），literature（文学）-phone 声音microphone（麦克风），telephone（电话）psych- 心理的，精神的psychology（心理学），psychoanalysis（心理分析）scend-, scent- 爬，蹬ascend（攀登，上升），descend（下降）tele- 远telescope（望远镜），telegram（电报）therm- 热的thermal（热的），thermometer（温度计）前缀anti- 反抗，反对anti-corruption（反腐败的），anti-war（、反战的）auto- 自己的，自动的automation（自动），autobiography（自传）bi- 双的bilateral（双边的），biweekly（双周刊）counter- 反对，对应counterclaim（反诉），counteract（抵消，中和）dis- 相反dislike（不喜欢），disbelief（不相信）en-, -en 使dishearten（气馁），enforce（强迫，执行）ex- 向外external（外部的），export（出口）im- （动词前缀）向内import（进口），imprison（入狱），implant（灌输）im-, in=（形容词前缀）不impersonal（非个人的）， immortal（不朽的），immature（不成熟的），immodest（不谦虚的）inter- 相互，在内interlingual（语际的），intertwine（纠缠，交织）mal- 坏，不良maltreat（虐待），malnutrition（营养不良）micro- 微，微小的microphone（麦克风），microscope（显微镜）mini- 小的minibus（小公巴），minimum（最小）mis- 错的mistake（错误），mispronounce（发音错误）multi- 多的multinational（多国的），multilingual（多语的）non- 否定non-smoking（不抽烟的），nonstop（不断的）out- 超过，过度outgrow（过大而不适于），outweigh（过重），outnumber（人数上超过）over- 过度，超overwork（过劳），overdo（过度, 夸张）post- 在 后postwar（战后的），postmodernism（后现代主义）pre- 在 前pre-war（战前的），pre-liberation（解放前的）Re- 再，重re-read（再读），re-fill（再装，再填）semi- 半semi-hemisphere（半球），semiconductor（半导体）sub- 次的，亚，低于substandard（次标准，亚标准），submarine（潜艇）submerge（下沉，淹没）subcontinent（次大陆）trans- 转换，横过transcontinental（横跨大陆的），transform（变化），trans-Atlantic（横跨大西洋的）tri- 三倍的triangle,（三角形）un- 否定unknown（无名的），unstable（不稳固的），unhappy（不高兴的，忧郁的），unrest（不安的）under- 在下，不足underground（底下的），underpay（少付.工资），underdevelop（欠发达）, undersized（不够大的）uni- 单一的unilateral（单边的），uniform（统一），unique（唯一的, 独特的），unison（调和, 和谐, 一致,）后缀-able, -ible 有能力的controllable（可控制的），sensible（明智的, 有判断力的），changeable（多变的）-age 表示状态，性质wreckage（遭难），shortage（缺乏，不足），leakage（泄漏） -ant, -ent（能动的）人，物assistant（助手）agent（代理）accountant（会计）-arian 表示派别，主义的人utilitarian(实用主义), librarian（图书馆员），humanitarian（人道主义者）-dom 性质，状态，行为kingdom（王国）freedom（自由）boredom（厌倦）-ee 表示动作的接受者addressee（受话人），refugee（难民），examinee（应试者）-er, -or 执行动作的人writer（作家），actor（演员），survivor（生还者）-ess 表示阴性，雌性tigress（母老虎），authoress（女作家），hostess（女主人）-hood 表示身份，性质neighborhood（邻里），manhood（成人）-ify 使 化simplify（简化）personify（拟人化）beautify（美化）-ish 似 的childish（孩子气的），girlish（姑娘似的），selfish（自私的）-ism 表示：主义，学说modernism（现代化），tourism（旅游业），fatalism（宿命论）-ize, -ise, -yze 化modernize（现代化）analyze（分析）realize（实现）-less 不，无，没有useless（无用）doubtless（无疑）careless（粗心）-like 有 性质的dreamlike（做梦似的）-ogy 学科biology（生物学），technology（技术）-ness 表示性质，状态friendliness（友好），kindness（仁慈），selfishness（自私）-ous, -eous, -ious 充满 的dangerous（危险的），hazardous（危险的），courteous（有礼貌的） -ward (s) 表示方向seawards（向海边的），eastward（向东的），nward（向内的）二、相关信息记忆法三、形近异义词比较法1）分属于两个不同的词： abominable（讨厌的, 令人憎恶的）；abnormal（反常的, 变态的） complaint（抱怨，申诉）；compliant（顺从的） dialectal（方言的）；dialectic（辩证法的）ethic（伦理）；ethnic（人种的）venerable（令人起敬的）；vulnerable（易受攻击的）effect（效果）；affect（影响）；effort（努力）amiable（和蔼可亲的）；amicable（友善的, 和平的）break（破坏，碎裂）；brake（刹车，制动装置）insistently（坚持地, 强求地）；consistently（一贯地）retain（保持, 保留）；remain（保持）release（释放，发布）；relieve（缓解，缓和）rare（稀罕珍贵的）；rear（n. 后部；v. 饲养）scare（惊吓，害怕）；scarce（缺乏的，不足的）serve（服务）；server（切断，断绝）2）由同源动词或名词派生出来，其意义分别不同。affection: affection (友爱, 爱情); affectation (假装, 做作)consider: considerable（相当的）；considerate（体贴他人的）continue: continuous（连续不断的）；continual（断断续续的）credit: credible（可信的, 可靠的；credulous（轻信的）deceive: deceitful (欺诈的); deceptive (欺骗性的) differ（有区别）；differentiate（区分） economy: economic（经济的，经济学的）；economical（节俭的） hero: heroic（英雄的, 英勇的）；heroical（英雄故事诗） history: historic（历史上著名的）；historical（有关历史的） respect: respectable（可敬的，体面的）；respectful（尊重人的）；respective（各个的）sense: sensitive（敏感的）；sensible（明智的, 有判断力的）第四节 词汇考试中的解题思路及对策一、优选法 (1). The students _ to the new environment shortly after they came to the university.A. adopted B. adapted C. suited D. regulated (2). With his funny performance, Charlie Chaplin _ the Little Tramp successfully in the film.A. discovered B. invented C. made D. created (3). Facing the present economic depression, he kept worrying about the future, not knowing what was to _him.A. become of B. become to C. become with D. happen 二、排除法 (1). The soldier found _ a hero when he returned to his hometown and was greeted with warm welcome.A. himself something of B. himself something aboutC. himself anything of D. himself nothing of (2). I have announced on many occasions that I will proceed with my goal, _.A. however difficult may it be B. however it may be difficultC. how difficult it may be D. however difficult it may be (3). _ everything his fiends had done for him, he refused to help them and so they were very disappointed in him. A. In return of B. In spite of C. Because of D. As a result of 三、借用语境 (1). If the test taker finds an item to which an answer can not be worked out, it may be _ to leave it blank and go on with the next.A. valuable B. considerable C. advisable D. probable (2). Mother wore a black dress with a string of pearls, which had the _ of quiet elegance.A. effort B. affect C. afford D. effect (3). We students all like that maths teacher because of his _ of humor, although the subject is dull and uninteresting.A. skill B. sense C. principle D. feeling 四. 根据构词法 (1). There has been a terrible accident all because of his _.A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness (2). The English teacher asked us to write a _composition every week last semester.A. five-hundred-words B. five-hundreds-wordsC. five-hundred-word D. five-hundreds-word (3). The teachers lecture was three hours long and we all felt _.A. bored B. boring C. boredom D. bore 五、辨析词义 (1). My feelings were _ when he didnt ask me to the party.A. injured B. wounded C. hurt D. damaged (2). My husbands sister is blind in both eyes, however, she can walk without a _.A. pole B. stalk C. rod D. stick (3). The railway track _ southward.A. expands B. extends C. stretches D. prolongs 第二部分 2005年GCT-ME英语语法讲解第一节 语法测试指导在工程硕士研究生入学考试中，语法考试和词汇考试合为一项，共20分。其中，语法考试题5道题，占10分。第二节 语法结构考试重点分析“常考语法点”主要是如下几个方面：1时态 2语态 3 情态动词 4名词5、非谓语动词 6、主谓语的一致7、虚拟语气 8、倒装句9、名词性从句10、定语从句11、状语从句第三节 时态一、概述 英语中根据说话的时间不同有时和体的不同，主要有十六这十二种时态可以列表如下：一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时这些时态的形式可以用下表来表示，以do 动词为例：一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在dodoesbe (am, is are ) doinghas doinghavehas been doinghave过去didbe (was, were) doinghad donehad been doing将来shall dowillshall (will) be doingshall (will) have doneshall (will) have been doing过去将来should (would) doshould (would) be doingshould (would)have doneshould (would) have been doing下面根据这些时态常用的程度不同分别说明它们的用法。二、各时态详解1、一般现在时The Yangtze rises in Qinghai. 长江发源于青海。Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于言辞。We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。2、现在进行时How are things getting on with you? 工作进行的怎么样？Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接电话。They are publishing a new version of the playscript by Taso Yu this autumn. 今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本。3、一般将来时一般将来时由助动词shall (will)加动词原形构成。它表示将要发生的动作或情况。They will sit the post-graduate examinations next autumn.明年秋他们要参加工硕考试。The teacher will not let me go home before I have finished my homework.老师要我做完作业才能回家。4、一般过去时Its a pity that you did not go to the movie. 很遗憾你没有去看那部电影。Many people died in the tsunami that took place in Thailand. 很多人在泰国的那次海啸中遇难丧生。5、现在完成时Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 这几年粮食产量有了很大增长。The area has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦。注 意：过去时和现在完成时的区别：Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees. 到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树。I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的。6、过去进行时At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics labatory.那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。They took us to see the chemical fibre mill that they were building. 他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。7、过去完成时Before daybreak they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程。No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了。He had not learned any English before he came to the university. 上大学前他一点英语没学过。8、一般过去将来时When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction would be. 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。9、一般将来完成时After we finish this text, well have learned twenty texts. 这课课文结束后，我们就学了二十课课文了。By the next month, Ill have finished my task. 到下个月，我将完成任务。They will have hit the years target by the end of October. 到十月底他们就可完成全年的指标了。10、现在完成进行时Ive been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整个上午我一直在等你。 It has been raining for three days. 雨连续下了三天。Where have you been? 你去哪儿啦？She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time.自我们上次见面以来，她就一直忙着筹备那个展览。11、过去完成进行时It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. 倾盆大雨下了一周，在许多地区引发了山崩。At last they gor the telegram they had been expecting. 最后他们收到了他们一直盼望的电报。第四节 情态动词情态动词部分重点测试以下内容： （1）情态动词+行为动词完成式 （2）情态动词+行为动词进行式 （3）情态动词+行为动词完成进行式 （4）某些情态动词的特殊用法一、一般情态动词1、情态动词的完成式： 情态动词的完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。如：Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 沟渠里的水都满了，想必昨晚一定下雨了。You couldnt have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.你不可能遇到我奶奶，因为她早在你出生前就死了。I cant find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.我找不到钥匙了，也许昨天丢到学校了吧。 当情态动词完成式是由ought to / should加完成式或否定式ought not to / shouldnt加完成式时，是表示对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”。例如：You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.你本不应该取笑他的。他不是你嘲笑是热恰恰是你应该学习的一个人。You should have finished your compositon by yesterday.你本应该昨天前就把作文写完的。 neednt have v-edneednt have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要”。例如：You neednt have wakened me up; I dont have to go to work today.你本没必要把我叫醒，因为我今天不上班。2、情态动词的进行式情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：The light in his study is still on; he must be working now.他书房的灯还亮着，想必他现在还在工作。She shouldnt be working like that. She is still very weak.她不应该这样干,她身体还这样弱.He cant be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话.3、情态动词的完成进行式情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields.他们浑身是汗，准是在地里一直干活来着。They may have been discussing this suggestion all the morning.今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个建议来着。二、特殊情态动词除了上述的基本情态动词之外，还有一些如would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。 The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 这个战士宁死不降。If you dont like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.如果你不喜欢游泳,你也可以待在家里啊这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句时，从句就要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：I would rather you went home right now.我倒宁愿你现在立刻回家去。I would sooner you hadnt asked me to speak yesterday. 我倒宁愿你昨天没邀请我讲话。三、情态动词中应特别注意的典的型结构 They must be in the library, arent they? 他们一定还在图书馆，对吧？ They must have gone to the library,