FCE 常用从句 (1).doc

FCE 常用从句1. 现在时的时间从句口语中常用 As soon as .do/does., .will/wont do. 一.就.When.do/does., .will/wont do. 当., .do/does.before .do/does. 在.之前.will/wont do. before. do/does. 在.之前eg. I eat breakfast before I go to school. I wont get married before I graduate from college.注意：时间状语从句使用一般现在时，主句可以使用一般现在时或将来时 -其他的从句引导词【用法同上】 by the time. 直到. Ill do homework by the time we go home.until. 到. I will wait until you arrive.once. 一旦. Once you open it, you must finish eating it in one day.after. 在.之后 After I eat breakfast, I will go to school.the next time. 下一次. Bring some money the next time you come here.2. 过去时的时间从句故事写作中常用While/As.was/were doing., .did. When .did., .was/were doing. Eg. While Randy was taking a shower, Hank called him. When Randy came out of the shower, Hank was crying on the floor. After.had done., .did. 在.结束后，.才发生Before.did., .had done. 在.发生前,.已经结束了By the time.did., .had done. 到.结束的时候，.已经结束了 Eg. After I had told a joke, everyone laughed. Before Randy laughed, Hank had beaten himself. By the time Hank beat himself, Randy had gone to the toilet. After .had been doing., .did. 在.持续一段时间后, .发生了Before/By the time.did., .had been doing. 在.发生之前/到.发生的时候, .持续了一段时间Eg. After I had been working as a teacher for a while , I realized it was the perfect job for me. Before I got any recognition(认可), I had been working really hard. Cleft sentence分裂句-we use it to emphasize a part in the sentence 用来强调句子中的某个部分It is+强调部分+ that +句子剩余部分 现在时的句子It was+强调部分+ that+句子剩余部分 过去时的句子【注意：强调部分如果是人，可以用who代替that】Eg. He took part in the singing competition last year. -It was last year that he took part in the singing competition.3. 结果状语从句口语和写作中均常用 too+adj./adv. (+for sb to do) 太.而不能.eg. You are too old to play hide-and-seek. adj./adv. enough (+for sb to do) 足够.而能.enough+n. 足够的.eg. Her hands are small enough to wear that pair gloves. He has enough money to buy whatever he wants. so+adj./adv.+that+句子 如此.以至于.eg.He is so crazy that no one talks to him.-so many+名词复数+that+句子 如此多的.以至于.-so much+不可数名词+that+句子 如此多的.以至于.eg. There are so many people in the world that we can barely feed everyone. He has drunk too much water that he keeps on going to the toilet.such+ n.+ that +句子 如此.以至于. eg. He is such a naive(天真的) person that he literally believes anything he is told. such a/an+adj. + that +句子-such a lot of+名词+that+句子 “如此多的.”-such a long time 如此长的时间-such a long way 如此长的路程eg. Tennis is so interesting that I get excited whenever I play it. = Tennis is such an interesting sport that I get excited whenever I play it. 4. 定语从句 写作口语中常用英语应用中常考 relative clause定语从句-defining clause限定性定语从句功能：修饰限定所修饰名词-去掉后句意不完整1)指人名词+who/that+动词 指人名词 (+who/that)+主语+及物动词eg. I like the girl who/that speaks English fluently. 使用girl发出的动作修饰限定girl I know the person (who/that) you just talked to. 使用person所承受的动作修饰限定person2) 指物名词+which/that+动词 指物名词 (+which/that) +主语+及物动词eg. I like to read the book which/that tells us about Harry Potter. 使用book发出的动词修饰限定book I have read the book (which/that) he borrowed from the library. 3) 地点名词+where+sb do sth “一个某人做某事的地方”eg. School is a place where we study. 地点名称+where + there is/are+名词 “一个有着.的地方”eg. School is a place where there are lots of students and teachers. 地点名词+where+不含有地点介词的句子4) 时间名词+when+ sb do sth “一个某人做某事的时间” -常用来修饰限定节日eg. Birthday is the time when we have a birthday party. 时间名词+when+不含有时间介词的句子5) 名词1+ whose+ 名词2+ 动词 名词1+whose+名词2+ 主语+及物动词【名词2属于名词1】 名词+whose+名词的所有物+. Eg. Randy whose voice is loud studies in my class. The gardener whose son I taught works in my garden. 6) 介词+whom+ . 介词+which+.注意：介词后-指人用whom；指物用-whichEg. This is the boy to whom I was talking. =This is the boy who I was talking to. I read the book with which he taught us. =This is the book which he taught us with.-non-defining clause 非限定性定语从句-they add information to the previous noun 补充说明前面的名词 -if they are taken away, the meaning of the sentence is not influenced 去掉后，句意仍然完整 -they are separated from the noun by a comma 和被修饰名词由逗号隔开-only that cant be used in non-defining clause, the rest of the linking device can be used 除了that 以外其他引导限定性定语从句的词均能引导非限定性定语从句Eg. My mother, who has been working as a nurse for 20 years, is very patient. 去掉who引导的从句，句意仍然明确-non-defining clause My mother is the woman who created the new teaching method . 去掉who引导的从句，句意不明确-defining clause -additional clause 补充性从句句子，which. 使用which从句评价前面的事情Eg. He has read several books related to this area before, which makes it easier for him to learn this course. He likes camping a lot, which is a good thing actually. Today is sunny, which means we could finally go hiking. 常用的补充性从句句子，which is.句子，which means that.句子，which makes it +adj. + for sb to do5. 被动转述结构写作第一部分加分句型 -passive report structure 被动转述结构 “据说.; 据报道.” -we use this structure to report what we read, what we heard, what is said by someone else 用此结构转述我们读到的、听到的内容 -It is said that +转述内容 be said to do; be said to have done -It is known that +转述内容 be known to do; be known to have done -It is reported that +转述内容be reported to do; be reported to have done -It is thought that +转述内容 be thought to do; be thought to have done -It is believed that +转述内容 be believed to do; be believed to have done -It is considered that +转述内容 be considered to do; be considered to have doneeg. It is said that buying things online is not so safe. 据说网购不太安全 It is reported that many people got deceived(被骗) when they shopped online. 据报道很多人在网购时被骗 6. 目的状语从句 写作口语中均常用 -purpose .in order to do/ so as to do 为了做.in order not to do/ so as not to do 为了不做.eg. People pay extra for insurance(保险) in order not to be deceived. I talk to the owner in order to know the size.in order that+句子 为了.so that +含有情态动词的句子 为了.eg. Discounts are given in order that more customers are attracted. I mailed this in the morning so that it could arrive tomorrow. 7. 转折状语从句写作口语中均常用 contrast links 转折连词Even though +句子1，句子2. 虽然.,但是.Although+句子1，句子2. 虽然.,但是.句子1和句子2内容对立Even if +句子1， 句子2. 第一条件句的主句和从句内容对立 虽然.，但是. Eg. Even if I have time, I wont go to your party. -future possibility 【主从对立的条件句】 Even though he was free, he didnt come to my party. -what actually happened 【事实-转折从句】句子1，but+句子2 虽然., 但是.句子1. However, 句子2. 虽然., 但是.句子1和句子2内容对立句子1，whereas/while +句子2 .,然而. 句子1和句子2形成对比Eg. My sister is good at swimming, whereas I cant swim at all. -注意：当我们从一个角度比较两个东西或两个人的时候使用whereas/while Despite the fact that+句子1，句子2 尽管.despite the fact that=althoughEg. Despite the fact that there are lots of environmental conservation(保护) policies, people seldom pay attention to them. In spite of +n./doing., 句子 尽管.Despite+n./doing., 句子 尽管.Eg. In spite of the heavy rain, they went out. Despite the high price, he bought two of them. -He is a good person.-He is poor.使用despite连接两个句子因为despite后只能加doing形式的结构或名词-所以若想将He is a good person.放在despite后，必须将He is a good person.改成doing形式He is a good person-is a good person-be a good person-being a good person Despite being a good person, he is poor.7. 原因状语从句口语和写作中均常用 Because+句子，.In view of the fact that+句子,.The reason why+句子+is that+句子 8. 条件状语从句 写作口语中的加分句型 Conditional clauses条件句从句（if.）主句（main clause）zero conditional描述客观事实do/doesdo/doeseg. If we heat ice, it melts. first conditional描述未来可能性do/doeswill/wont do; 情态动词+doeg. If I have time, I will call her. second conditional对现实的假设给出建议was/were/didwould/wouldnt doeg.If I had enough money, I would buy two books.假设 If I were you, I would take the job.建议third conditional 对过去事实的假设had donehad beenwould have donewouldnt have doneeg. If Randy hadnt been so naughty, h